UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF NON-PERFORMING LOANS IN VIETNAMESE BANKING SYSTEM BY NGUYEN THI HONG THUONG MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF NON-PERFORMING LOANS IN VIETNAMESE BANKING SYSTEM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By NGUYEN THI HONG THUONG Academic Supervisor: A/PROF. NGUYEN VAN NGAI HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I declare that the wholly and mainly contents and the work presented in this thesis (Determinants of Non-performing loans in Vietnamese Banking System) are conducted by myself. The work is based on my academic knowledge as well as my review of others’ works and resources, which is always given and mentioned in the reference lists. This thesis has not been previously submitted for any degree or presented to any academic board and has not been published to any sources.
I am hereby responsible for this thesis, the work and the results of my own original research. NGUYEN THI HONG THUONG i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Here I would like to show my sincere expression of gratitude to thank my supervisor, Ass. Professor Nguyen Van Ngai for his dedicated guideline, understanding and supports during the making of this thesis. His precious academic knowledge and ideas has motivated me for completing this thesis.
Besides, I would like to express my appreciation to the lecturers and staff of the Vietnam – Netherlands Program at University of Economics Ho Chi Minh city for their willingness and priceless time to assist and give me opportunity for this thesis completion. Next, I would like to thank all of my classmates for their encouragement and their hard work, which become a good example for me to do the thesis. I wish all of us will graduate at the same date. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to my families, my beloved group for their unlimited supports and encouragement.
They are the motivation for me to finish this course research project. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATION FE: Fixed-effect estimator GDP: Gross domestic product NPLs: Non-performing loans OLS: Ordinary Least Square RE: Random-effect estimator SBV: State Bank of Vietnam S.GMM: the system generalized method of the moments estimator iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Credit risk is one of the elements impact on the health of banking systems and performance of economic activities. Non-performing loans is the general factor presents for this bank’s credit risk. There are previous researches indicate the close relations between bad debts and factors from macroeconomic environment and bank specifications.
This is the motivations for this paper to examine both macro and micro variables of 30 Vietnamese banks from 2006 to 2016. This dynamic panel data is estimated by the System Generalized Method of Moments. The regression results support the strong evidence for the impact of macro indicators on problem loans. The testing results are in accordance with several papers which indicated the negative relation with economic growth and positive correlation with lending interest rate and government debts of problem loans.
However, due to the type of labor force, the increase of unemployment rate will lead to the increase in bad loans in Vietnam. In addition, with bank-specific factors, tests of skimping hypothesis, diversification (with proxy is banks’ size) hypothesis and procyclical credit policy hypothesis have the statistical significance in Vietnam. iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CONTENTS DECLARATION. 1 LIST OF TABLES .5 Structure of Research:.
4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS .1 Macro-economic factors: .2 Bank-specific factors:. Error! Bookmark not defined. Error! Bookmark not defined. 14 CHAPTER 3: MODEL SPECIFICATION AND DATABASE.
16 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. 25 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. 28 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION. 48 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com APPENDIX Appendix 1: Correlation of variables Appendix 2: Addition estimation test with 2 lag of variables Appendix 3: The estimated results for the regression models with separate hypotheses using system generalized method of the moments AP Page | 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary statistics Table 2: Results with Pooled OLS, FE, RE and SGMM estimations Table 3: Estimation results of one lag variables Table A1: Estimation without lagged variables Table A2: Estimation with lagged variables 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.
Problem statement Both developed and emerging countries recognize the important of financial institutions. Nkusu (2011) imply that the health of financial system and economy is the two-way impact. It means that the performance of financiers could be improved by the economic growth. On the contract, if bank crisis happens, the economy could be downturned.
Non-performing loans are considered as the general measure for riskiness of the banks, as well as applied to predict the bank crises. Rajaraman and Visishtha (2002) indicated the investigation the causality of bad debts is important to control this risk. Adebola, Wan Yusoff and Dahalan (2011) identify that one of the causalities of economic crisis in 2008, which affects not only on the U.S economy but also many countries around the world, is the problem loans. Several loans in this period were issued for the segments in under standard conditions.
Therefore, when the economy goes down, most of them turn out bad debts. The health of banking system become worse and worse after that, leads to the negative impact on economy (Nkusu, 2011). Credit risk is one of the factors to evaluate the health of banking system. This factors is defined as the problem loans of banks.
The non-performing loan ratio of Vietnamese banking system has a significant increase from 2009 and got a peak at 2012, at 3. Due to the tighten monetary and lending policies of State Bank Vietnam as well as the development policies of Government, this ratio has a little decrease after that. The bad debts in banking system get the obstacles for economic growth, as well as financial system development recent years. First of all, it is difficult for economic segments to approach the credit capital.
In the controlled period (from the end of 2010), the increase of credit was limited (approximate 15% per year) and the lending interest was high (in the range from 17% - 22% per year). In addition, in this stage, there are several M&A as well as restructured banks lead to the more tightened policies to control the stability of financial system. The stuck capital flows impacted negatively on economic activities. The firms were in short of capital to manufacture and investment in 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com order to expand production.
The consumption was decrease, effect on firm’s revenue and profit. As a circle, the total output reduce, the economy went down. Until the problem loans can resolve, the economy has to allocate the scared resources in order to support banking activities and maintain the stable of banking system. This is the big obstacle which will pull down the overall economy (Nguyen Xuan Thanh, 2017).
Research question Understanding the root cause of the issue is the best way to solve the problem. Therefore, this research will try to find the answer for question: - Which determinant can have the significant impacts on the non-performing loans of Vietnamese banks? 1. Research objectives The objectives of this paper are expected to have the answer for above question, as below: - To estimate the impacts of macroeconomic determinants to the NPLs ratio of the Vietnamese banks. - To examine the impacts of bank-specific determinants to the NPLs ratio of the Vietnamese banks.
Data and econometric model A cross-sectional dataset is collected to support the objectives of this paper. This data includes macro-economic factors, such as: economic growth, unemployment rate and lending interest rate. The data for bank specification will be collected from annually audited financial statements of 30 banks from 2006 to 2016 and calculated based on the financial indexes. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is suitable for estimating influence on banks’ problem loans of these variables with the different lagged orders.
Structure of thesis This study is organized in five chapters. The first chapter is the problem statement, research question and objectives. The second chapter will be review the literature, 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com includes theories and previous researches in order to identify the factors impact on NPLs. Data collection and model specification for the study will be described in the third section.
Next chapter will present and interpret the results of the econometric analysis with respect to the research’s theoretical and empirical analyses, which are linked to the hypotheses of the research paper. The results will show the relationship of the economic factors and the NPLs ratio of banks. Finally, the conclusions could be presented in last chapter. 5 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Credit risk is the risk in credit activity of bank when the borrowers can not complete obligations of their liabilities.
When this risk occurs, the banks are affected negatively. The total assets, profit and capital will decrease due to the increase of loan loss provision amount. The consequence is the negative effect on the economic activities due to not only the increase of banks’ exposure to economic crisis but also the restriction off the credit activities. Therefore, an analysis for credit risk is necessary to maintain the stability of financial system and have the early warning of possible crisis.
All of them are worked for the final target: the growth of economy. The factors, which impact on credit risk, are divided into two groups: systematic and unsystematic credit risk (Castro, 2013). Macro-economic factors are considers as the factors influencing the systematic credit risk. On the contrast, the bank specifications are grouped as unsystematic credit risk, include financial indexes and the quality of credit management.
Macro-economic factors 2. Theories: The theoretical models of business cycle, which indicates the important role of financiers, offer the good baseline for NPL models. Williamson (1987) highlights the counter-cyclicality of business failures and credit risk. After that, the researches of Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist in 1980s and 1990s mention about the financial accelerator framework.
The theory of financial accelerator states that the worsening financial market conditions can amplify the negative shock to economy. More broadly, the downturn period of finance and macro-economy is propagated by the disadvantage conditions in the real economy and financial markets. Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist (1996) and Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) use the framework about “principle-agent” view of credit market in order to rationalize the financial accelerator theoretically. Their method becomes the important theoretical framework for the macro-financial linkages when modeling the interaction between NPL and macro-economy.
6 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com GDP growth: When economic growth is stable or increases (i. expansion stage of economy), the payment of borrowers is easy to complete, and the bank credit usually meets the demand and increases over time. The doubtful loans are not the most serious problem of bank’s managers. On the other hand, when the economy has to face with the obstacles for growth, even downturns, the reduction of cash inflows is the trend of all segments.
At this time, the debt payment of firms as well as individuals becomes difficult. It leads to the increase in non-performing loans in the banking system.