Foreword
Chapter authors
Editorial panel
Protection symbols used in circuit diagrams
1. Role of protection
1.2. Role of protection in a power station
1.2. System and substation layout
1.3. Current transformer location
1.1. Neutral-earthing methods
1.2. Special cases of resistance earthing
1.1. Faults and other abnormalities
1.2. Nature and causes of faults
1.5. Basic terms used in protection
1.6. Necessity for back-up protection
1.3. Transmission systems
1.8. Bibliography
2. Protection principles and components
2.1. Fundamental principles
2.1. Methods of discrimination
2.2. Derivation of relaying quantities
2.3. Combined overcurrent and earth fault relays
2.4. Derivation of a representative single-phase quantity from a three-phase system
2.2. Components of protection
2.2.3. Voltage transforming devices
2.8. Tripping and other auxiliary supplies
2.9. Fuses, small wiring, terminals and test links
2.2.10. Pilot circuits
2.3. Consideration of the protection problem
2.4. Bibliography
3. Fault calculations
3.1. Purpose of fault calculation
3.2. Types of fault
3.3. Factors affecting fault severity
3.4. Methods of fault calculation
3.2. Basic principles of network analysis
3.1. Fundamental network laws
3.2. Mesh-current analysis
3.3. Nodal-voltage analysis
3.2.4. Application of mesh-current and nodal-voltage analysis
3.2.5. Network theorems and reduction formulas
3.3. Calculations of balanced fault conditions
3.3.1. Single-phase representation
3.2. Use of a common voltage base
3.3. Representation of nominal-ratio transformer circuits
3.4. Representation of off-nominal-ratio transformer circuits
3.5. Transformer phase-shifts
3.6. Representation of synchronous machines
3.3.7. Use of per-unit and per-cent values
3.3.8. Fault-calculation procedure
3.4. Calculation of unbalanced fault conditions
3.2. Phase-sequence networks and impedances
3.3. Phase-sequence equivalent circuits
3A.4. Analysis of short-circuit conditions
3.5. Effect of fault impedance
3.6. Analysis of open-circuit conditions
3.7. Transformer phase-shifts
3.8. Fauit-calculation procedure
3.5. Calculation of simuRaneons fault conditions
3.2. Cross-country earth-fauR
3.3. Sequence network interconnections
3.6. Practical network analysis
3.2. Digital-computer analysis
3.2. Generator-winding faults
3.3. Transformer-winding faults
3.1. Representation of off-nominal-ratio transformers
3.2. Effects of overhead-fine asymmetry
3.9. Bibliography
4. Protective transformers
4.2. Steady-state theory of current transformers
4.1. Equivalent circuit, vector diagram, errors
4.2. Influence of the core, magnetic materials, and magnetisation curves
4.3. Single-turn primary current transformers
4.5. Balancing windings and eddy-current shielding
4.6. Open-circuit secondary voltage
4.7. Secondary currents, borders and connecting lead resistance
4.3. Current transformers for protection
4.1. Saturation of the core and ratio on overcurrents.2 Trip-coil operation
4,3.3. Overcurrent-relay operation
4,3.4. Earth-fault relays with inverse-time characteristics
4.5. Relay settings and primary operating currents
4.6. Current transformers for balanced differential protective schemes
4.7. Simple transient-state theory
4.4. Construction of current transformers
4.2. Forms of cores
4.3. Windings and insulation
4.4. High-voltage current transformers
4.S. Testing of current transformers
4.2. Turns ratio tests
4.4. Current transformers for balanced differential protective schemes
4.6. Voltage-transformer theory
4.1. Electromagnetic-type voltage transformers
4.2. Capacitor-type voltage transformers
4.3. Burdens and lead resistances
4.7. Voltage transformers for protection
4.1. Electromagnetic type, categories, residual voltages
4.2. Capacitor type
4,8. Construction of voltage transformers
4.4. Capacitor divider voltage sensor
4,8.5. Voltage transformers for SF6 metalclad switchgear
4.9. Fusing and protection of voltage transformers
4,10. Testing of voltage transformers
4,10.4. Polarity
4,11. Bibliography
5. Fuses
5.1. Definition of a fuse
5.2. Definition of a fuselink
5.3. Categories of fuse
5.1. Powder-filled cartridge fuse
5.1. High-voltage powder-filled fuses
5.3. Semi-enclosed fuse
5.5. Other fuse developments
5.3. Mechanism of fuse operation
5.1. Operation on small overcurrents
5.2. Operation on large overcurrents
5.3,3. Operation on intermediate overcurrents
5.4. Operation on pulsed loading
5.4. Peak arc voltage
5.5. Time/current characteristic and factors affecting it
5.1. Definitions related to the operation of fuses at the small overcurrent region of the time/current characteristic and the assignment of current rating
5.1. Discrimination between fuselinks
5. fuses and circuit- breaking devices
5.7. Testing of fuses
5.1. Fuse testing on a
5.2. Other parameters tested
6. Principal types of relays
6.1. Attracted-armature relays
6.2. Moving-coil relays
6.5. Motor-operated relays
6.6. Gas- and oil-operated relays (Buchholz relays)
6.1. Operating-voltage limits
6.2. Discharge of wiring capacitance
6.4. Time-lag relays
6.6. Trip-circuit supervision
6.4. General design considerations
6.3. Relay setting adjustment
6.. Basic circuits employed
6.3. Transient overvoltages and interference
6.1. Sources of transients
6.3. Protection against transients
6.4. Power supplies for static relays
6.5. Output and indicating circuits
6.8. Application and characteristics
6.1. Instantaneous current- and voltage-operated relays
6.2. Double-quantity measurement
6.3. Presentation of characteristics
6.4. Complex input comparators
6.6. Rectifier bridge comparators
6.7. Phase-comparison bridge
6.1. Negative-sequence protection
6.9. Testing of relays and protection schemes
6.1. Test at manufacturing works
6.2. Testing at sire
6.10. Future trends in relay des/gn
6.11. Bibliography
7. Protection signalling
7.2. Commun/cation media
7.1. Power-line carrier
7.3. Design principles of coupling equipment
7.5. Protection and earthing of coupling equipment
7.7. Application to feed circuits
7.8. Application to circuits containing cable sections
7.1. Underground pilot cables
7,2.3. Rented pilot circuits
7.2. Types of rented pilot circuit
7.3. pilot-circuit characteristics
7.2. Microwave radio links
7.3. Fundamental signilllng problem
7.1. Effects of noise
7.2. Characteristics of electrical noise
7.3. Equipment design principles
7.4. Performance requirements of signalling facilities and equipment
7.2. Equipment operating time classification
7.2. Reliability of operation
7.3. Security against maloperation
7.6. Other performance requirements
7.5. Methods of signalling
7.. intertripping over private pilots
7.3. Voice-frequency signalling equipment
7.. protection signalling equipment
7.4. Power-line-carrier signalling equipment
7.1. Keyed carrier equipment
7.2. Carrier frequency-shift equipment
7.3. Single-sideband power-line-carrier communication equipment
7.6. Bibliography
Index
