THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY AYU MONICA ENDRINA TOPIC TITLE : THE EFFECT OF CHROMIUM IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTE ON SOIL QUALITY IN KARANGANYAR, INDONESIA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-Time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : 2014 – 2017 Thai Nguyen, November 2017 1 n DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name : Ayu Monica Endrina Student ID : DTN1454290080 Thesis Title : THE EFFECT OF CHROMIUM IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTE ON SOIL QUALITY IN KARANGANYAR, INDONESIA Foreigner Supervisor (s): Prof. Margaretha Maria Alacoque Retno Rosariastuti, M. Vietnamese Supervisor Dr. Hồ Ngọc Sơn Abstract: Chromium exists in the environment in several diverse forms such as, Cr (III), and Cr (VI).
Cr toxicity depends on its valence state. Cr (VI) which is regarded as being highly mobile is toxic, while Cr (III) is less mobile and less toxic. Cr (VI) being more mobile in soil, more toxic and a stronger oxidant penetrates more readily into the cell membranes than the trivalent form. Chromium affects to the soil pH, N total of the soil, and also K exchangeable.
This study was conducted by taking samples from five locations (Soil from the field, water bodies and irrigation), which four locations were in a location in textile industries area surrounding them such as Macanan, Getas, Waru, Ngringo and one location was in a location with no textile industry such as Karangpandan. After obtaining the sample we analyzed soil chemical characteristic (pH, N total, P available, K exchangeable, C-organic, electric conductivity and cation exchange capacity) in the Laboratory of Chemistry and Soil Fertility, also about biological characteristic (indigenous bacteria and fungi) in the Laboratory of Soil Biology and Biotechnology. The data were analyzed by statistical analysis using T-test 95%, 2 n and tested the correlation to see the effect of chromium on soil quality. The result of this research is at five sampling sites, soil at five locations contain the chromium content.
Three locations contain chromium exceeds the threshold (>2.g-1) and two sites have chromium content below the permitted threshold (<2. Karangapandan area which there’s no industrial factory still contaminated above the threshold, allegedly due to excessive chemical usage such as fertilizer and pesticide. The amount of chromium in the soil will influence to pH of the soil, N total, K exchangeable and also impact on bacteria but is negatively correlated with the fungi. As we know from the data that we have got, the data of chromium the highest is Getas (5.g-1) and the lowest is Waru (2.g-1), for pH of the soil, Getas (6.00), N total of Getas (0.33%) and for Waru (0.25%), and also for K of Getas (0.kg-1) , and for Waru (0.
The data shows how chromium influence several parameters and how it impact the soil quality. Keywords: Chromium, chromium effect, chemical characteristics, biological characteristic, water quality. Number of Pages: 43 pages Date of Submission: Supervisor’s signature 3 n ACKNOWLEDGEMENT From bottom of my heart, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the opportunity to complete this research. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep regards to my lovely supervisors: Prof.
Margaretha Maria Alacoque Retno Rosariastuti, M.Si as my supervisors from Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia who kindly assisted me with the topic is “The Effect of Chromium in Textile Industry Waste on Soil Quality in Karanganyar, Indonesia”. Thanks for your patient with my knowledge gaps and in guiding me whole heartedly when I implemented this research. I also want to express my thanks to Hồ Ngọc Sơn, Ph.D, as the Vietnamese supervisor, for his supervision, encouragement, advice, and guidance in writing this thesis. Besides my supervisors, I would like to thank Mr.
Sudarsono from the Laboratory of Soil Biology and Biotechnology, Mr. Muzayin from the Laboratory of Chemistry and Soil Fertility, and Mrs. Tumisih from the Laboratory of Physics and Soil Conservation Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta for providing me an additional knowledge about the soil chemical characteristic (pH, N total, P available, K exchangeable, C-organic, electric conductivity and CEC (cation exchange capacity), also biological characteristic (indigenous bacteria and fungi). In addition, formal thanks should be offered to the Rector of Sebelas Maret University, Prof.S for granting my internship acceptance.
I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Agriculture in Sebelas Maret University, Prof.S who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials to conduct my research in Sebelas Maret University. I wish to thank the staff who work in Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian (Department of Agricultural and Environmental Research Center), for their help in 4 n chromium analysis, Asep Kurnia, S.Eng as a Technical Manager of this Department. Without them, this research could not be accomplished on time. My sincere thanks also go to this special person Danang Taruno for guiding and helping me finish this study also for his invaluable support and encouragement when I stayed in Solo.
Of course, I would like to thank to others Student from Agrotechnology called “Marmut 2013” from Faculty of Agriculture who very kindly and support me during conduct my internship in Sebelas Maret University. Finally, special thanks to my family (My lovely father and mother also my brother and sister), for their accommodation such as money, for their attention, their love and moral support throughout my study. Surakarta, 20th June, 2017 Student Ayu Monica Endrina 5 n TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .1 Background and Rationale .2 Objective of Research .3 Research Questions and Hypotheses .2 Cation Exchange Capacity .3 Level of Acidity (pH). MATERIALS AND METHODS .1 Time and Place.1 Determination of the Technique Population and Sample .2 Techniques of Collect the Data .1 Chromium on Soil and Water .2 Soil Chemical Characteristic.3 Soil Biological Characteristic .4 Irrigation Water Quality.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .2 Soil Chemical Characteristic .3 Soil Biological Characteristic .40 7 n LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Variable Observation of Research. Chromium Total on Soil. Chromium Total on Water.
Capacity Exchange Cation. Electric Conductivity Irrigation. 30 8 n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Rice Field Area of Getas 31 Figure 3.
Bacteria Diversity of Getas 35 Figure 4. Sample of Water Irrigation 37 9 n PART I.1 Background and Rationale Karanganyar is one of the districts in Central Java, next to the city of Solo. Karanganyar is also one of districts in Central Java which included developing areas. Karanganyar, in 2005 has 60 industries comprising textile industry, plastic industry, wood processing industry, oil industry paint, industrial monosodium glutamate, sodium cyclamate industry, industrial, basic chemicals, food and beverage industries.
Industries that make up the majority in Karanganyar area is textile industry (Nurhayati, 2010). Textile needs in human life itself is one of the primary needs other than food and shelter, so we need a lot of textile factories to adequate human needs. In this case, it is becoming counter when viewed from the other side of Karanganyar which is also famous as an agricultural area. Sometimes a lot of factories were found immediately adjacent to the land of the farmer.
Each phase of the production of textiles, requiring chemical compounds containing heavy metals. Heavy metal means such as Cr (chromium), Cd (cadmium), and Hg (hydrargyrum). The problems that became the main focus when the all of the factories has not been a standard in the management of textile waste. Waste that is not managed well, dumped out into the water and finally entered agricultural land belonging to citizens.
As a result of agricultural land in the region has contamination levels of chromium in the range between 2. This is the main reason of this research paper. According to USDA (2001) soil quality is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation. The research would like to study the effect of textile wastes, especially chromium heavy metals to soil by chemical and biological aspects as assessment parameters.
For comparison this research also will take samples in areas that are free of the indicated textile wastes. Further elaboration would be discussed in the contents of this thesis.2 Objective of Research 1. To seeing if all the areas listed textile factories, soil contaminated with heavy metals chromium. To know the the impact of chromium in textile industrial waste by biological parameters on soil quality in Karanganyar.
To know the the impact of chromium in textile industrial waste by chemical parameter on soil quality in Karanganyar. The benefits of this research is the knowledge for people about how the effects of chromium in textile industrial waste by biological and chemical characteristic on soil quality in Karanganyar.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 1.1 Research Question The research aims to answer the following question; What is the effect of chromium in textile waste on the soil quality in Karanganyar? 1.2 Hypotheses This research includes 2 hypotheses such as: 1. Null hypotheses of this research: chromium in textile industry waste is affecting on soil quality in Karanganyar, Indonesia. Alternative hypotheses of this research: chromium in textile industry waste is not affecting on soil quality in Karanganyar, Indonesia.1 Chromium Chromium exists in the environment in several diverse forms such as, Cr (III) and C (VI).
Cr toxicity depends on its valence state. Cr (VI) which is regarded as being highly mobile is toxic, while Cr (III) is less mobile and less toxic. Cr (VI) being more mobile in soil, more toxic and a stronger oxidant penetrates more readily into the cell membranes than the trivalent form. Chromium toxicity in human beings is expressed in liver and kidney damage as well as skin lesions or rashes.
Symptoms of chromium toxicity in plants include alterations in the seed germination process, reduced growth of roots, stems and leaves, which results in low total dry matter production and yield. This paper reviews properties of trivalent and hexavalent chromium with respect to their essentiality as micronutrients and their toxic harmful effects. Trivalent chromium is essential to normal carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, by making the action of the hormone, insulin, more effective while the hexavalent chromium is toxic and involved in mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and also teratogenicity (Shadreck and Mugadza, 2013). Trivalent chromium is weakly soluble in highly acid and alkaline soils, whereas hexavalent Cr dissolves well in acid and alkaline soils.
Cr (VI) in soil is reduced to Cr (III), which is not well available for plants. Chromium (VI) has a harmful effect on soil microorganisms by depressing their biological activity. Like other heavy metals, chromium may influence the enzymatic activity of soils by affecting soil microorganisms as well as by modifying the environment in which they live, and which is rich in many enzymes (Barabasz et al.2 Cation Exchange Capacity Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a parameter of soil which represents the capability of soil to attract, retain and hold exchangeable cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, etc). Many soil parameters influence the soil exchangeable capacity especially soil pH, soil texture, and organic matter content up to a certain extent.
12 n Soil pH is an important soil parameter which is positively correlated with CEC (Foth, 1990). High content of organic matter and clay conduces to the higher CEC values because both have a large number of negative charges on their surface which attract and hold cations. Negative charges of soil particles are the result of isomorphic substitutions in phyllosilicate structures, non-compensated bonds at the edges of reticular plans, or dissociation of functional organic groups (Pansu and Gautheyrou, 2006). Cation exchange reactions in soils occur mainly near the surface of clay and humus particles, called micelles (Foth, 1990).
Cations from the soil surface can be quite easily exchangeable with the cations from the solution.