VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NGUYỄN NGỌC MINH DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FINITE ELEMENTS BASED ON CONSECUTIVE-INTERPOLATION FOR 2D AND 3D THERMAL-MECHANICAL PROBLEMS PHD THESIS IN ENGINEERING HO CHI MINH CITY - 2020 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NGUYỄN NGỌC MINH DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FINITE ELEMENTS BASED ON CONSECUTIVE-INTERPOLATION FOR 2D AND 3D THERMAL-MECHANICAL PROBLEMS Major: Engineering Mechanics (Cơ kỹ thuật) Codes: 62520101 Independent Examiner 1: Associate Prof. NGUYỄN VĂN HIẾU Independent Examiner 2: Associate Prof. NGUYỄN QUỐC HƯNG Examiner 1: Dr. TRỊNH ANH NGỌC Examiner 2: Associate Prof.
CHÂU ĐÌNH THÀNH Examiner 3: Associate Prof. LƯƠNG VĂN HẢI SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISORS: 1. TRƯƠNG TÍCH THIỆN 2. BÙI QUỐC TÍNH LỜI CAM ĐOAN / DECLARATION Tác giả xin cam đoan đây là công trình nghiên cứu của bản thân tác giả.
Các kết quả nghiên cứu và các kết luận trong luận án này là trung thực, và không sao chép từ bất kỳ một nguồn nào và dưới bất kỳ hình thức nào. Việc tham khảo các nguồn tài liệu (nếu có) đã được thực hiện trích dẫn và ghi nguồn tài liệu tham khảo đúng quy định. This doctoral dissertation is the outcome of my original research, conducted at the Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology, VNU – HCM, Viet Nam. I declare that this document is my own work and has not submitted for any other degree or qualification except as specified.
All the references are cited in the document. Tác giả luận án / Author Chữ ký / Signature i TÓM TẮT LUẬN ÁN Luận án trình bày một nhóm phần tử hữu hạn mới dựa trên sự tích hợp kỹ thuật nội suy liên tiếp vào phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn truyền thống. Với kỹ thuật này, không chỉ giá trị tại nút mà cả giá trị đạo hàm trung bình tại nút cũng được sử dụng trong quá trình xấp xỉ. Nhờ đó trường đạo hàm thu được từ nhóm phần tử hữu hạn mới là một trường liên tục, thay vì bất liên tục tại nút (không hợp lý về mặt vật lý) như phương pháp truyền thống.
Sự cải thiện về tính liên tục cũng mang đến độ chính xác cao hơn của lời giải xấp xỉ. Tuy nhiên khác với các phương pháp có độ liên tục bậc cao hiện hành như phương pháp Đẳng hình học hay phương pháp không lưới, phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn nội suy liên tiếp vẫn duy trì thuộc tính Kronecker quan trọng trong tính toán số. Thêm vào đó, phương pháp đề xuất sử dụng cùng một lưới phần tử với phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn truyền thống và không làm tăng số lượng bậc tự do. Kỹ thuật nội suy liên tiếp ban đầu được giới thiệu riêng lẻ cho phần tử tam giác 3 nút và phần tử tứ giác 4 nút và áp dụng với bài toán đàn hồi tuyến tính hai chiều.
Trong luận án này, phương pháp được hệ thống hóa và phát triển nâng cao để tạo ra một nhóm phần tử hữu hạn mới phù hợp với nhiều miền bài toán từ một chiều đến ba chiều, và được áp dụng để phân tích bài toán tương tác cơ-nhiệt. Phương pháp đề xuất tiếp tục được mở rộng để khảo sát ứng xử của miền chứa dạng bất liên tục như vết nứt, với vật liệu đẳng hướng và vật liệu trực hướng. ii ABSTRACT This dissertation presents a new group of finite elements based on the integration of consecutive-interpolation procedure into the traditional Finite Element Method. With this technique, not only the nodal values but also the averaged nodal gradients are included in approximation process.
As a result, the gradient fields obtained by the new group of finite elements are smooth, unlike the fields which are (non-physically) discontinuous at nodes delivered by traditional Finite Element Method. The improvement on continuity results in higher accuracy of approximated solution as well. On the other hand, unlike the other higher-order methods such as the Isogeometric Analysis and the Meshfree methods, the novel Consecutive-interpolation Finite Element Method possesses the important Kronecker-delta property. Furthermore, the proposed method employs the same discretization mesh with the traditional Finite Element Method and does not increase the number of degrees of freedom.
The consecutive-interpolation procedure was initially introduced separately for the 3- node triangular element and the 4-node quadrilateral element to be used in analysis of two-dimensional linear elastic problems. In this dissertation, the method is further developed to form a new class of finite elements which is suitable for domains from 1D to 3D. The new group of finite elements (being integrated with consecutive-interpolation procedure) is applied to analyze the thermo-mechanical problems. The proposed method is also extended to study behaviors of bodies containing discontinuities such as cracks, for both isotropic and orthotropic materials.
iii CONTENTS LỜI CAM ĐOAN / DECLARATION .iv LIST OF FIGURES. viii LIST OF TABLES. xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .1 Heat transfer and thermo-mechanical problems .1 Finite element method (FEM) and its issues. 2 Trends in development of numerical methods .5 Original contributions of the dissertation.
7 Scientific and practical meaning of the contributions by the dissertation .8 Scope of the dissertation .8 Outline of the dissertation .9 CHAPTER 2 LINEAR THERMO-ELASTIC PROBLEMS .13 Time integration scheme .1 Backward Euler scheme. 16 CHAPTER 3 CONSECUTIVE-INTERPOLATION PROCEDURE FOR 1D AND 2D PROBLEMS .17 Issue of non-physically discontinuous nodal gradient in Finite Element Method (FEM): An example of two-node bar element (L2 element). 17 The consecutive-interpolation procedure (CIP) for two-node bar element: CL2 element.1 Calculation of CIP-based shape functions .2 First order derivative of CIP-based shape functions .3 Modification to retain the C0-continuity. 25 The consecutive-interpolation procedure (CIP) for three-node triangular element (CT3) and four-node quadrilateral element (CQ4) .1 CIP-enhanced formulation for 2D domain .2 The CT3 element .3 The CQ4 element .37 CHAPTER 4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC AND QUASI-STATIC THERMOELASTIC FRACTURE PROBLEMS IN ISOTROPIC MATERIALS .38 Numerical modeling of cracks .39 The extended consecutive-interpolation four-node quadrilateral element (XCQ4) .1 Enriched formulation for displacement field .2 Enriched formulation for temperature field .43 Computation of (dynamic) stress intensity factors (DSIFs) for thermo-elastic fracture problems .45 Crack growth modeling.
48 Numerical results and discussion .1 Edge crack under constant flux (mode-I) .2 Static SIFs analysis: Square plate with a center crack .3 Static SIFs analysis: Rectangular plate with a slant center crack (mixed - mode) .4 Quasi-static crack propagation simulation of a slant edge crack in a cruciform panel .5 Dynamic SIFs analysis: Edge crack under quasi-static thermal shock .6 Dynamic SIFs analysis: Center crack under quasi-static thermal shock .7 Dynamic SIFs analysis: Curved crack under dynamic thermal shock .76 CHAPTER 5 TWO-DIMENSIONAL QUASI-STATIC THERMO-ELASTIC FRACTURE PROBLEMS IN ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS .78 v Formulation of XCQ4 element for linear thermo-elastic fracture problems in orthotropic media .1 The characteristic equation of an arbitrary orthotropic material .2 Enriched formulation for displacement .3 Enriched formulation for temperature. 83 Evaluation of SIFs by Interaction integral. 83 Crack growth modeling.1 Static SIFs analysis: Single edge notched specimen under mechanical tensile load .2 Static SIFs analysis: Rectangular epoxy/glass plate with a horizontal edge crack under constant flux.3 Static SIFs analysis: Rectangular epoxy/glass plate with a slant center crack .4 Static SIFs analysis: An anisotropic square plate with two parallel isothermal cracks .5 Quasi static crack propagation in an anisotropic cracked disc .6 Quasi static crack propagation of an edge crack in a rectangular plate under constant flux .7 Quasi static crack propagation in a perforated panel with a circular hole under constant heat flux.106 CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPMENT OF 3D CIP-BASED FINITE ELEMENTS .107 Generalized formulation to determine auxiliary functions .107 CIP-enhanced FEM for 3D linear heat transfer problems .1 Steady-state heat convection in a 3D complicated domain.2 Transient heat transfer in a plate with cylindrical hole .113 CIP-enhanced FEM for 3D linear elastic problems .1 Static analysis of a cantilever beam with T-shaped cross-section .2 Free vibration analysis of a hollow cylinder .3 Free vibration analysis of a composite sandwich beam .124 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKS .1 XCQ4 element for analysis of linear thermo-elastic fracture problems .2 General formulation of CIP-enhanced elements .144 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Thermal crack in an asphalt pavement [7].
Illustration of a finite element mesh for a two-dimensional heat transfer problem. Convergence of thermal energy corresponding to mesh size. Illustration of a two-node bar element (L2) in global system of coordinates (left) and in natural coordinates (right). A one-dimensional domain being discretized by two L2 elements.
Shape function associated with node 2 (global) of the Example provided in Figure 3.2, computed by traditional FEM and by CIP-enhanced FEM. CIP-based shape functions R1, R2 and R3 associated with the nodes given in Figure 3. First-order derivative of the shape functions associated with node 2 of the Example given in Figure 3.2, computed by traditional FEM and CIP-enhanced FEM .4: Sketch of 1D bar subjected to body load. The bar is uniformly discretized by 5 eleements .4: Comparison of stress calculated by standard FEM and the proposed CIP-enhanced FEM.4: Convergence rate with respect to number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the standard linear FEM, quadratic FEM and CIP approach.
Visualization of the shape function for a CQ4 element. Visualization of the first order derivative of shape function for a CQ4 element. Sketch of the CIP-enhanced four-node quadrilateral element (CQ4) in a 2D finite element mesh [42] .1: Cantilever beam being subject to parabolic shear load31 Figure 3.1: (a) The triangular mesh and (b) quadrilateral mesh at coarsest level.1: Convergence rate of elastic energy with respect to mesh size, presented in log-log scale .1: The field of normal stress component σxx computed by four types of element: CQ4, Q4, CT3 and T3 .2: Quarter model of the thick cylinder pipe and boundary conditions.2: Temperature distribution in the cylinder pipe .2: Hoop stress distribution in the cylinder pipe. Signed distance function.
The set of nodes enriched by Heaviside function (denoted by x symbol and the set of nodes enriched by branch functions (denoted by square symbol). Level set functions. The interaction integral domain. The weighting function q(x).1: (a) Geometry and boundary conditions of a strip with an edge crack under constant flux and (b) its deformed shape obtained with XCQ4 elements .1: Different interaction integral domain size selected to evaluate the interaction integral: (a) domain 1, (b) domain (2), (c) domain 3 and (d) domain 4.
A mesh size of 25 x 49 elements is used for both XQ4 and XCQ4 .1: Convergence of SIFs evaluated by XCQ4 and XQ4 elements with respect to number of nodes .1: Distribution of temperature [oC] .1: Stress component σxx [Pa] obtained by (a) XCQ4 element and (b) XQ4 element, showing in deformed shape.2: A square plate with horizontal center crack under two sets of boundary conditions: (a) Adiabatic crack and (b) Isothermal crack .1: Geometry and boundary conditions .1: Normalized SIFs with respect to a/W at the inclined angle θ = 30o .1: Normalized SIFs with respect to crack angle θ, given a/W = 0.2: Geometry and boundary conditions .2: Normalized SIFs with respect to a/W at the inclined angle θ = 30o .2: Normalized SIFs with respect to crack angle θ, given a/W = 0.4: Geometry and a typical mesh of a cruciform panel (AF = BE = HC = GD = 3L) .4: Crack paths predicted for four loading cases reported in Table 4.5 by the present XCQ4 element. These paths are comparable with those derived by other numerical methods available in literatures, e.4: Temperature [oC] distribution of the cruciform panel for (a) case 1 and (b) case 3 by the XCQ4. (a) Distrbution of normal stress σyy [Pa] and (b) the displacement uy [m] for case 3 by the XCQ4 .