UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE BANKING SECTOR IN VIETNAM BY NGUYEN THI PHUONG THAO MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2015 i 123doc ABSTRACT This study measures economic efficiency of commercial banks in Viet Nam and its determinants. The Stochastic Frontier Model is applied for a profit function. We include internal factors (including price of fund, price of physical capital, price of labor, price of loan and price of other earning assets) and macroeconomic factors (economic growth, inflation rate, and other macroeconomic environment variables) in the profit function. The empirical results show that the efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks seems to be fluctuated steeply over the period 2008- 2013.
In terms of the efficiency of different groups of commercial banks, the profit efficiency of the State-owned commercial banks and Private commercial banks follow different trend. Particularly, the state owned commercial bank’s group seems to have extremely higher profit efficiency score then private commercial bank. ii 123doc LIST OF ABBREVIATION LSDV Least squares with dummy variables GLS Generalized least squares SFA Stochastic Frontier Analysis SFM Stochastic Frontier Model DEA Development Envelopment Analysis PE Profit efficiency CRER Credit risk LIQD Liquidity CON Concentration DEV Banking development INF Inflation rate GDP GDP SIZE SIZ PROFIT Total profit PBT Profit before tax X1 Labor X2 Capital X3 Fund W1 Price of labor W2 Price of capital W3 Price of fund Y1 Loan Y2 Other earning asset P1 Price of loan P2 Price of other earning asset TE Technical efficiency EE Economic efficiency AE Allocative efficiency Obs Number of observations SOBs State-owned commercial banks PCBs Private commercial banks iii 123doc LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Variables of potential correlates of profit efficiency function.2: Data sample of observations over period 2008-2013 .1: Overview of variable in profit function .2: A summary statistics of profit before tax, inputs, outputs and prices used in the profit efficiency estimation for the whole period 2008-2013 .3: A summary statistics of inputs, outputs and prices used in the profit efficiency estimations: (million VND units for X1, X2, X3, Y1, Y2) .4: A summary statistics of potential correlated of profit efficiency .5: Potential correlates of profit before tax (PBT) with time-invariant fixed-effects model.6: Banking profit efficiency scores in the period 2008-2013 with time-invariant fixed- effects model .7: Potential correlates profit efficiency through time-invariant fixed-effect model .8: Potential correlates of profit before tax (PBT) with Cornwell et al (1990) time varying fixed-effects model .9: Banking profit efficiency scores in the period 2008-2013 with time-varying Battese and Coelli (1995) model .10: Potential correlates profit efficiency with Kumbhakar (1990) time-varying parametric model (half-normal) .11: Average banking profit efficiency score of 27 commercial bank in Vietnam and its ranking from 2008 to 2013. 48 iv 123doc LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Input-oriented efficiency .2: Output-oriented efficiency .1: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and total number of staff (X1) from 2008 to 2013 .2: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and total fixed - asset (X2) from 2008 to 2013 .3: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and total deposit from customer (X3) from 2008 to 2013 .4: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and total loan from customers (Y1) from 2008 to 2013 .5: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and total asset (Y2) from 2008 to 2013.6: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and Price of labor (W1) from 2008 to 2013 .7: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and Price of capital (W2) from 2008 to 2013 .8: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and Price of fund (W3) from 2008 to 2013 .9: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and Price of loan (P1) from 2008 to 2013.10: Graph of scatter between Profit before tax (Pbt) and Price of other earning asset (P2) from 2008 to 2013 .11: Profit efficiency score from 2009 to 2013 with time-invariant fixed-effects model .12: Profit efficiency score of SOBs, PCBs and all banks from 2009 to 2013 with time- varying Battese and Coelli (1995) model .46 v 123doc LIST OF APPENDIXES: Appendix 1: List of Vietnamese commercial banks in Vietnam.
Data was collected from www.com and sorted based on their charter capital .57 Appendix 2: The result of estimation about the determinants of banking profit before tax and its potential correlate through different type of model .59 Appendix 3: Descriptive statistics of profit efficiency estimation through different type of model .67 vi 123doc TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATION. iii LIST OF TABLES. iv LIST OF FIGURES.
v LIST OF APPENDIXES:. vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. 1 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW. Theory of the efficiency.
Reviews of empirical study on bank efficiency .1 Overview on bank efficiency .2 Determinants of banking efficiency .3 Bank efficiency measurement. 9 CHAPTER III: DATA AND METHODOLOGY. Overview of the banking industry in Vietnam. 33 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Time-invariant fixed-effects model .2 Time-varying fixed-effects model.
54 viii 123doc Vietnam – Netherlands Programme for M.A in Development Economics CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction: In most countries, the banking sector is considered as a key indicator to ensure the national economy operates smoothly. Banking industry is widely considered as the backbone of an economy and highly regulated in many countries. Banks usually has been considered as key players in providing capital and stimulating economic development.
In the study of Demirguc & Huizinga (2000), it showed that when an economy is developed at a certain level, it requires an intensive support from the stable and sustainable national financial system. Prior studies in the body of literature indicate that there are a wide range of factors affecting the bank efficiency which can be classified into two main groups namely external factors (e. macroeconomic factors and industrial factors) and internal factors of commercial banks (e. size, losses, liquidity, and other factors).
Particularly, Hasan and Marton (2003) examines the relationship between the development and efficiency of banking sector while Hou, Wang, and Zhang (2014) measure the linkages among market structure, risk taking and efficiency of commercial banks. Due to their importance on the financial sector and their influence on the national economy, this sector requires a high regulation by the government. However, in most developing countries like Vietnam, there is lacks of perfect regulation to support this sector to stabilize and develop. Like other countries, the banking system in Vietnam provides many products from retail banking such as saving accounts, deposits, credit/debit card, mortgage, loans to commercial banking such as business loan, capital equity, risk management, and credit services.
As commercial banks have evolved in Vietnam before the investment banks, this service is one of the most sensitive business which suffers direct and indirect impacts on several intrinsic obstacles of the economy as well as the external effects, thus stabilizing the currency and the banking system play an important factor, primarily in the financial system stabilization. Therefore, understanding the efficiency of the banking system as well those factors affecting the banking operations attracts a lot of attention from many economists and scholars all over the world. In measuring efficiency, people usually choose between technical efficiency and economic efficiency. We choose economic efficiency as this is more comprehensive.
In this thesis, the profit function is used to measure economic efficiency. 0 123doc Vietnam – Netherlands Programme for M.A in Development Economics 2. Research objective While the capital funds raised for the national economy from those commercial banks are enormous, limited research was carried out about how these banks operate and whether they operate efficiently. With a proper measurement about banking efficiency together with a wealth of predictive determinants will help the public to indicate how well a certain commercial bank operate in the competitive market like Vietnam.
Secondly, by improving the performance of individual banks, the whole national banking system will function much more efficiently and effectively. However, at the moment, most of studies focused on qualifying the efficiency of the commercial banks (Nguyen, Roca, & Sharma, 2004) or determining certain large-scale economic factors affecting commercial banks (Athanasoglou, Brissimis, & Delis, 2008) without quantifying these factors to rank these commercial banks in the global scale. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to verify the connection between the current financial growth at the national scale and the efficiency performance of commercial banks in Vietnam. In details, this thesis is to understand the connection between the economic efficiency and the economic growth of the banking system based on two following smaller objectives: How efficient are commercial banks in Vietnam? Which factors affect the economic efficiency of commercial banks? This is the research of Vietnamese banks efficiency that will convey the managers to identify the banks’ weakness as well as the causes of those weaknesses so that they can come up with the right strategies, which will bring the best result given the same level of resource inputted.
In addition, this will be a useful research to analyze inefficiencies and minimize it in order to improve the performance of Vietnamese banking industry. Moreover, this research also demonstrates the reality of Vietnamese banking industry, which will be a useful guide for foreign investors to start financing their equity in this dynamic industry. 1 123doc Vietnam – Netherlands Programme for M.A in Development Economics CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW The concept “efficiency” in general and “bank efficiency” in particular are common terms in the body of literature of economic discipline. These could be used to refer to the competitive capability of entities in the economy.
The chapter covers a broad review on foundational theories on efficiency, bank efficiency and characteristics of the terms. The measurement approaches as well as factors affecting bank efficiency. Theory of the efficiency In the production economics, the definitions of efficiency and productivity are two concepts proxy for two different things. Firstly, the definition of “productivity” and “efficiency” in terms of firm production has to be differentiated.
Clearly speaking, “productivity” considers the entire elements that decide the level of output achieved with the amount of input given. Efficiency, however, have a different meaning compared to productivity. Efficiency includes three types (technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency). The function of economic efficiency consists of profit efficiency and cost efficiency.
In this study, profit efficiency function is used to measure economic efficiency. It relates to the production frontier. This frontier presents the level of output that can be reached a peak with the same level of input amount. The firm, which produces on this frontier, will be considered efficiency.
Also, going beyond this frontier is unrealistic because there is a limitation of its performing ability. Similarly, it is inefficient producing below this frontier. The further distance, the more inefficiency the firm is. Even though productivity and efficiency are two separate concepts, they are closely related.
Therefore, if the firm expects to improve its productivities, they will have to produce more efficiently. Other elements that makes the level of productivity are changed in the quantities and proportion of inputs (changing its scale efficiency), an innovation of technology (change in technology level), or according (Coelli et al., 2005) we make combinations between all above factors. The definition of efficiency is about the transforming performance between the numbers of inputs into outputs (Forsund & Hjalmarrson, 1979). Hence, the efficiency is 2 123doc Vietnam – Netherlands Programme for M.A in Development Economics usually considered as an essential competitive force of entities in an economy such as a branch, industry, or an entire system.
However, as the society gets more advanced, the definition of efficiency changes to be more specific.