VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NGUYỄN HỮU HÀO ENHANCEMENT OF VOID GROWTH MODEL FOR THE ANISOTROPIC DUCTILE METAL DISSERTATION HO CHI MINH CITY 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NGUYỄN HỮU HÀO ENHANCEMENT OF VOID GROWTH MODEL FOR THE ANISOTROPIC DUCTILE METAL Major: Engineering Mechanics Code: 62 52 01 01 Independent reviewer 1: Assoc. Nguyễn Đức Toàn Independent reviewer 2: Dr. Trương Quang Tri Reviewer 1: Assoc. Nguyễn Xuân Hùng Reviewer 2: Assoc.
Nguyễn Văn Hiếu Reviewer 3: Assoc. Bùi Công Thành SCIENCE ADVISORS: 1. Nguyễn Ngọc Trung DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I confirm that this dissertation is my own work and that any material from published or unpublished work from others is appropriately referenced. Signature: Nguyễn Hữu Hào i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION The copyright of this dissertation rests with the author and is made available under a Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM license.
Researchers are free to copy, distribute or transmit the dissertation on the condition that they attribute it, that they do not use it for commercial purposes and that they do not alter, transform or build upon it. For any reuse or redistribution, researchers must make clear to others the license terms of this work. ii ABSTRACT The aim of work presented in this dissertation was to produce the improvement of the existing void growth-based damage models used for the ductile fracture analysis and prediction of sheet metals, which are subjected plastic deformation. The original metal material is usually containing the second phase particles or/and inclusions.
Once the metallic material under deformation lead to the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids that it is root of ductile damage. The main objective of this work was enhancement of micro-void growth-based damage model to predict ductile fracture behavior of sheet aluminum alloys, typical for civil structures with anisotropic properties and their implementation in user-defined material subroutine (VUMAT). The explicit finite element code has been chosen for implementation of new material models. Constitutive model with anisotropic yield criterion, damage growth and failure mechanism has been developed and implemented into ABAQUS/Explicit software.
The second important aspect of this dissertation was performance of tensile experiments in three different orientations of materials for identification of mechanical behavior of high strength sheet aluminum alloys AA6061-T6. The results from these tests allowed derivation of material constants for constitutive models and help to have a better understanding of anisotropic material behavior. The tensile tests were also used to validate the implementation and accuracy of constitutive material models. The constitutive models were developed within the general framework of ductile damage mechanics.
Coupling of the quadratic yield function Hill48 with damage model based on micro-mechanical and continuum damage mechanics (CDM) theories has been chosen to suit the anisotropic behavior of sheet material. The validation of the constitutive models has been performed by numerical simulations of tensile, deep drawing and Nakajima tests. The micro-crack and fracture initiation, crack path and forming limit diagram (FLD) are predicted using these constitutive models. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Assoc.
Vũ Công Hòa and Dr. Nguyễn Ngọc Trung for their guidance, technical support, and helpful discussions during this research. The knowledge and efforts of my colleagues in our group was a valuable source of inspiration and success. Finally, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my wife and my parents for their support and encouragement throughout my education and professional career.
iv CONTENTS DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY.v LIST OF FIGURES. viii LIST OF TABLES .xi LIST OF ACRONYMS. xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .1 The research motivation .1 The research objectives. 5 The contributions of dissertation.
6 CHAPTER 2 DUCTILE FRACTURE OF METALLIC MATERIAL .7 Ductile damage mechanism of metallic material .7 Microscopic void nucleation .2 Void nucleation models.3 Needleman and Tvergaard model.4 Bouaziz and Maire model.11 Microscopic void growth .2 Void growth model .2 Rice and Tracey model .3 Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model .17 Void coalescence leads to microscopic crack .2 Void coalescence models .2 Brown and Embury model .3 Tvergaard and Needleman model.4 Void coalescence model due to shear mechanism .25 CHAPTER 3 DUCTILE FRACTURE MODELLING .27 The continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model .1 The constitutive equations of void growth based CDM model .2 An extension of the void growth model for shear damage. 34 The porous ductile model.37 CHAPTER 4 NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DUCTILE DAMAGE MODELS…………………………………………………………………………….42 Overview of the vectorized user material (VUMAT) subroutine .42 Numerical implementation of CDM model. 43 Numerical implementation of the porous ductile model .3 Updating the stress state and solution dependent variables .4 The derivatives of Dung-Hill48 model. 55 Verification of user-defined material subroutine .1 Verification by the unit elements .1 Geometries and boundary conditions .2 The material properties .3 The results using CDM model.
60 Effect of softening exponent β .60 g Effect of critical damage parameter Dcrit .4 The results using porous ductile model .62 Effect of hardening exponent .62 Effect of Lankford’s coefficients.63 Effect of shear coefficient .2 Verification by tensile and deep drawing tests of AA6016-T4 aluminum alloy…………………………………………………………………………….1 The material parameters. 68 CHAPTER 5 IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS. 71 Calibration of the material parameters for the damage models .1 The calibrated approach and procedure .3 Porous ductile model .81 CHAPTER 6 DUCTILE FRACTURE PREDICTION OF AA6061-T6 ALUMINUM ALLOY……………………………………………………………………………….84 The tensile tests .1 Geometries, mesh and boundary conditions .3 Crack initiation and propagation prediction.4 Ductile fracture strain prediction. 98 Forming limit diagram (FLD) prediction.
99 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK .105 The overall conclusions .105 The recommends for future work .106 LIST OF PUPLICATIONS .129 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The ductile fracture under forming process of plastic deformation [1, 2] .2 Exact prediction of ductile fracture by numerical simulation [2, 4] .1 Ductile fracture mechanism of metallic material: a) specimen, b) the process of void nucleation, growth and coalescence during plastic strain evolution [32] .2 Micro-void nucleation inside AA6061 aluminum alloy specimens: (a) interface deboning and (b) particle cracking [34].3 Second phase and non-metallic particles in alloy steel [40] .4 Void nucleation in double phase steel: (a) 2D view, (b) 3D view [41] .5 Microscopic graph of AA6061 alloy [53]: (a) microscopic structure in an unetched condition; (b) void growth in notched specimen under uniaxial tension .6 The void nucleation (red color) by Zirconia inclusions (light blue color): (a) homogeneous deformation; (b) localized deformation [55] .7 McClintock’s void growth model (a) solid contains the cylindrical voids; (b) unit cell model [9].8 Rice and Tracey void growth model [10].9 The Gurson void growth model: a) arbitrary voids in cubic solid, b) a spherical void in spherical solid [18].10 Circular cylindrical void in the cylindrical solid [18]. Dung void growth model: a) cylindrical void; b) ellipsoidal void; c) void distribution in matrix material [60].12 The first void coalescence mode: a) Benzerga [65] and b, c ) Weck [64] .13 Second mode of void coalescence a) and b) Benzerga [67] and c) Pardoen et al.14 Third void coalescence mode a) and b) Weck [64]; c) Benzerga [67] .1 Illustration of rotation of coordinates system about 3-axis.2 Illustration of void shear mechanism [25] .3 The yield surface presentation of the Dung-Hill48 and pure Hill48 models in normalized principal stress space .1 Geometrical illustration of the “cutting-plane” algorithm. Presentation of normal distribution function of void nucleation respect to equivalent plastic strain .3 Unit element (a) uniaxial tension and (b) simple shear .4 True stress-strain curve .5 Effect of softening exponent on evolution of damage variable Dcrit g 1 .6 Effect of softening exponent on equivalent stress Dcrit g 1 .7 Effect of critical damage parameter on the evolution of damage variable of unit element under uniaxial tension 3 .8 Effect of critical damage parameter on the equivalent stress of unit element under uniaxial tension 3 .9 Effect of hardening exponent on VVF evolution .10 Effect of hardening exponent on equivalent stress .11 Effect of Lankford’s coefficients on VVF evolution versus equivalent plastic strain .12 Effect of Lankford’s coefficients on the equivalent stress correspond to equivalent plastic strain .13 Effect of shear coefficient ( k ) on VVF evolution .14 Effect of shear coefficient ( k ) on the element equivalent stress .15 Geometry, mesh and boundary conditions of tensile test .16 Comparison of the crack path. (a) experiment [91], (b) CDM-Hill48 model, (c) Dung-Hill48 model .17 Force – displacement curves of tensile test.18 Diagram of the tooling setup in square cup drawing (a) dimensions (unit: mm) and (b) finite element model .19 Comparison of fracture path between experiment and numerical simulations.
(a) experiment, (b) CDM-Hill48 model, (c) Dung-Hill48 model .20 Comparison of forming force curve between experiment and the numerical simulations .1 Illustration of AA6061-T6 sheet used to create the specimens .2 ASTM-E8 dog-bone specimen.3 Tensile test setup .4 Force - displacement curve of dog-bone specimen.5 (a) Engineering and (b) true stress versus strain curves .6 The best fit hardening curve.7 Yield locus in 2D principal stress space of AA6061-T6 sheet .8 Flowchart of optimized process .9 FEM mesh and boundary condition of dog-bone specimen .10 The best-fit force-displacement curve using CDM model .11 Force – displacement curve using set of optimum material parameters .1 Dimensions and geometries.5 specimen and (d) shear specimen .2 Mesh and boundary condition.5 specimen and (d) shear specimen .3 Force- displacement response of tensile tests .4 No damage occurrence when using a) CDM-Hill48 and b) GTN models without shear damage variable .5 The contour of state variables at micro-crack initiation when using Dung- Hill48 model: (a) dog-bone specimen, (b) R6 specimen, (c) R3 specimen, (d) R1.5 specimen and (e) shear specimen .6 Micro-crack location of R-notched specimen .7 Contour of state variables at moment just before fracture occurrence when using CDM-Hill48 model: (a) dog-bone specimen and (b) R6-specimen.8 Contour of state variables at moment just before fracture occurrence when using CDM-Hill48 model: (c) R3 specimen, (d) R1.5 specimen and (e) shear specimen (cont.9 The damage evolution corresponds to equivalent plastic strain .10 The variation of Lode angle parameter in equivalent plastic strain .11 Predicted fracture path by CDM-Hill48 and Dung-Hill48 models.12 Predicted fracture path by CDM-Hill48 and Dung-Hill48 models (cont.13 Predicted fracture path by CDM-Hill48 and Dung-Hill48 models (cont.14 The variation of stress triaxiality in equivalent plastic strain using Dung- Hill48 model .15 Equivalent plastic fracture strain as a function of average stress triaxiality .17 Finite element mesh and model: (a) W30 specimen, (b) W55 specimen, (c) W70 specimen, (d) W90 specimen, (e) W120 specimen, (f) W145 specimen, (g) circular specimen, (h) finite element model .18 Illustration of the method to determine limit strains.19 The forming limit diagram of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy.20 The equivalent plastic fracture strain of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy .104 x LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 The material parameter for Dung-Hill48 model .2 The material parameter for CDM-Hill48 model .1 Chemical composition of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy.2 The calculation of the Lankford’s coefficients.3 The Swift hardening model parameters .4 The mechanical properties of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy .5 The anisotropic coefficients of Hill48 equivalent stress function.6 Initial guess values and constrains for optimization process .7 The best-fit material parameters for CDM model .8 Initial guess values and constrains for optimization process. The optimal values for Dung-Hill48 model .1 The ductility predictions of the R-notched specimen.2 Average Lode angle parameter values .3 Summary of fracture initiation location prediction .97 xi LIST OF ACRONYMS 2D Two dimensions 3D Three dimensions ASTM American society for testing and materials CDM Continuum damage mechanics CONT.