VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN QUANG HUNG VALORIZATION OF WASTE SHRIMP SHELL AS VERSATILE BIOSORBENT USING HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION FOR WATER PURIFICATION MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN QUANG HUNG VALORIZATION OF WASTE SHRIMP SHELL AS VERSATILE BIOSORBENT USING HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION FOR WATER PURIFICATION MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr. NGUYEN THI AN HANG Hanoi, 2023 COMMITMENT It is critical that I demonstrate my comprehension and commitment to respecting ethical norms and avoiding plagiarism over the course of this project. I strictly follow the criteria given in Decision Rector of Vietnam Japan University number. 700/Q-HVN dated September 30, 2021, which details the regulations for combating plagiarism in academic and scientific activity.
I recognize the value of academic honesty and commit to properly attribute and reference any sources utilized in my study, ensuring that any ideas or information gained from outside sources are correctly attributed. By assuring the truth, originality, and authenticity of my research results, I am promoting a culture of academic integrity and intellectual rigor. Nguyen Quang Hung ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Nguyen Thi An Hang has given me excellent advices, steadfast support, and encouragement during the preparation of my Master's Thesis.
Her passion, experience, and invaluable commitment to academic success were invaluable in shaping my thoughts, developing my abilities, and enhancing my research. I'd like to thank VJU for providing me with a studentship that allowed me to pursue a Master's degree and complete this study. Academic rigor, intellectual variety, and a global perspective at VJU have presented me with a life-changing, illuminating, and powerful educational experience that I will remember for the rest of my life. I would also like to thank all member of MEE6 for sharing the knowledge, experiences during my student’s career.
This research has been done under the research project QG.26 “Application of the innovative hydrothermal carbonization technology (HTC) in agro-wastes and sludge treatment and recycling in Vietnam for producing high-performance bio-fuels, bio- fertilizers, and advanced environmental materials” of Vietnam Nation University, Hanoi. Finally, my deep gratitude to my parents for the opportunity to study and their support on my education path. They are crucial to the accomplishment of my research since without them, I would not have enough information to draw any conclusions. My appreciations go to everyone who helped me during the research process, notwithstanding how they did it.
June 2023 Nguyen Quang Hung TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. i LIST OF TABLES .ii LIST OF FIGURES. iii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. 2 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Introduction of dyes. Classification of dyes and introduction of Direct Blue 71 (DB71). Environmental concerns of dyes. Dye treatment technologies.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for production of environmental materials applied in wastewater treatment. Overview of HTC process. Application of hydrochar in dye rich wastewater treatment. Modification of hydrochars for enhancing adsorptive removal of dyes from wastewater.
Waste shrimp shell (WSS) application for wastewater treatment. Application of WSS in wastewater treatment. 23 CHAPTER III: MATERIALS AND METHODS. Chemicals and apparatus.
Raw waste shrimp shell (WSS). Acid activated waste shrimp shell derived hydrochar (A_WSH). Material characterization methods. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Brunauer–emmett–teller (BET). pH point of zero charge determination. Batch adsorption experiments setup.
Factors influencing DB71 adsorption by A_WSH. DB71 adsorption behaviors by A_WSH. 34 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Color-metric method.
FTIR analysis result. SEM analysis result. BET analysis result. pH point of zero charge.
Adsorptive removal of DB71 from synthetic wastewater using A_WSH. Process parameters governing DB71 adsorption by A_WSH. Elucidation of DB71 adsorption behaviors and mechanisms by A_WSH. 51 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
60 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AOPs : Advanced oxidation processes A-WSH : Acid activated waste shrimp hydrochar BET : Brunauer–emmett–teller BOD : Biological oxygen demand COD : Chemical oxygen demand DB71 : Direct blue 71 FTIR : Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy HTC : Hydrothermal carbonization MO : Methyl orange PFO : Pseudo - first - order pHzpc : pH zero point charge PSO : Pseudo - second - order SEM : Scanning electron microscope WSH : Waste shrimp hydrochar WSS : Waste shrimp shell i LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Dye treatment technologies .2: Products of HTC process .3: Summary of studies on dye adsorption .1: The nature of adsorption process in relation with RL value .2: The nature of adsorption process in relation with n value .3: The nature of adsorption process in relation with bT value .4: The nature of adsorption process in relation with ΔH, ΔS, ΔG values .1: BET analysis results of WS, WSH, and A-WSH .2: Variation of surface charge of A-WSH over the pH value .3: Linear PFO and PSO kinetic parameters for DB71 adsorption by A-WSH .4: Intra-particle diffusion kinetic parameters for DB71 adsorption by A-WSH .5: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters for DB71 adsorption by A- WSH .6: Calculated RL values at different DB71 concentrations .7: Temkin isotherm parameters for DB71 adsorption by A-WSH.8: Thermodynamic parameters for DB71 adsorption by A-WSH.9: Comparison of the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of A-WSH in this work and those of other adsorbents in previous studies. 58 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Chemical structure of an orange colored azo dye .2: Classes of azo dye .3: Structure of Direct Blue 71 (DB71).4: Overview of HTC process and potential applications of hydrochar .5: Hydrochar produced from organic waste .6: Shrimp head as the waste in Philippine .7: The dumping site of waste shrimp shell next to Suoi Dau industrial park .8: Chitosan for wastewater treatment purpose .1: Raw waste shrimp shell.2: Procedure for fabrication of A-WSH .1: UV-VIS S2150UV spectrophotometer, Unico.2: Calibration curve of DB71 .3: FTIR spectra of WS, WSH and A-WSH .4: SEM images of (a) raw waste shrimp shell (WS), (b) waste shrimp shell derived hydrochar (WSH), (c) acid activated waste shrimp shell derived hydrochar (A-WSH) .5: pHzpc of A-WSH.6: Influence of initial dye solution pH on DB71 adsorption by A-WSH (adsorbent dose 0.5 g/L, temperature = 27oC, time = 24 h, Ci = 50 mg/L) .7: Influence of adsorbent dose on DB71 adsorption by A-WSH (pH = 6.78, temperature = 27oC, time = 24 h, Ci = 50 mg/L) .8: Influence of contact time on DB71 adsorption by A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1 g/L, pH = 6.78, temperature = 27oC, Ci = 50 mg/L) .9: Influence of initial dye concentration on DB71 adsorption by A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1 g/L, pH = 6.78, temperature = 27oC, contact time = 4 h) .10: Isortherm curves obtained at 303, 313, 323, and 333 K for DB71 adsorption onto A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1 g/L, pH = 6.78, time = 4 h, Ci = 25 – 500 mg/L) .11: Effect of the temperature in the removal efficiency of DB71 onto A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1 g/L, pH = 6.78, time = 4 h, Ci = 25 – 500 mg/L) .12: Kinetic models for DB71 adsorption by A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1g/L, pH = 6.78, temperature = 27oC, Ci = 50 mg/L) .13: Intra-particle diffusion kinetic model for adsorption of DB71 onto A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1 g/L, pH = 6.78, temperature = 27oC, Ci = 50 mg/L) .14: Langmuir isotherm model (a) and Freundlich isotherm model (b) for adsorption of DB71 onto A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1 g/L, pH = 6.78, temperature = 27oC, time = 4 h, Ci = 25 - 500 mg/L) .15: Temkin isotherm model for adsorption of DB71 onto A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1g/L, pH = 6.78; temperature = 27oC, time = 4 h, Ci = 25 - 500 mg/L) .16: Plot ln(KL) vs 1/T for estimation of thermodynamic parameters for DB71 adsorption onto A-WSH (adsorbent dose = 1 g/L; pH = 6. 57 iv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. Research background In recent years, aquaculture has become the most rapidly expanding food-production industry, supplying a suitable, protein-rich supplement to, as well as a substitute for, wild aqua-cultural creatures and plants.
Asia is a global leader in shrimp farming, supplying nearly 80% of global shrimp production [35]. Shrimp is a high-value intensive aquaculture product that is produced for food while the carapace and head are discarded [7]. Otherwise, the head and shell are considered waste after recovering the meat from the shrimp. According to Sachindra, between 45- 48% of shrimp are thrown away as waste in the world [10].
Moreover, the minority of waste shrimp shells (WSS) are disposed of in landfills and seas resulting in significant surface contamination, unpleasant odors on shorelines, and being a primary source of polluting the environment. Additionally, there are some existing methods for treating waste by using chemicals, but it has some disadvantages and has a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, the current methods are not suitable for treating WSS, and it’s significant to find another solution to tackle environmental problem including water pollution issue such as dye pollution. Subsequently, dye pollution is one of the major concerns in the world, and the following paragraph will briefly describe the definition, as well as the consequence of the dye.
Azo dyes are a major class of dyes that are aromatic hydrocarbons including one or even more (R-N=N-R’), in which R and R′ are usually aryl, groups and account for approximately 70% of all synthetic dyes generated [31]. There are many different types of azo dyes, and several classification systems exist. DB71, which is commonly used in textiles, plastics, cosmetics, leather, printing, and other applications [32, 39], is another controversial issue. Because of its photoresist characteristics, DB71 dye impacts the photosynthetic activity of aquatic species, and the aesthetic value of water bodies,.
as well as being hazardous to both the environment and people's life, such as cancer but also 1 mutagenicity. Unfortunately, most DB71 cannot be removed completely by traditional technologies such as Fenton [47] which caused a big impact on the environment. Research significance The previous section has shown that the presence of high amount of WSS create a concern to the safety of environment. Moreover, DB71 in water is big controversial issues.
Up to this point, there have been several studies on removing DB71. [3, 14], however, these methods have some drawbacks that can impact to the environment. Hence, this study seeks to fill the aforementioned research gaps by using HTC method to convert WSS into hydrochar for removing DB71 in water. Research objectives This research involves six main objectives, including: To fabricate hydrochar from waste shrimp shell (WSS) using HTC technology To active the fabricated hydrochar using acetic acid to enhance DB71 removal To determine the optimal conditions for DB71 adsorption by acid activated waste shrimp hydrochar (A-WSH) To examine the adsorption behaviors of A-WSH, including isotherm, kinetic studies, thermal dynamic.
To characterize materials, including waste shrimp shell (WSS), waste shrimp shell hydrochar (WSH), and acid activated waste shrimp shell hydrochar (A-WSH), using BET, SEM, FTIR methods to elucidate the adsorption mechanisms 1. Thesis outline This thesis is composed of 5 chapters. The main contents of these chapters are presented below: Chapter 1 introduces the research's background, significance, objectives, as well as scope. The thesis outline concludes the first chapter.
2 Chapter 2 gives details on the references, occurrence, and significant effects on the environment, as well as current treatment methods for DB71, and WSS. Importantly, fundamental principle of new method, which is HTC, are mentioned. Chapter 3 demonstrates the resources, instruments, and techniques used in this investigation. The specifics of the experiments, including chemical setup, experimental design, analytical principle, and equations, are presented.
Chapter 4 shows the detail of results, including optimal conditions for DB71, as well as the isotherm, kinetic and mechanisms. Chapter 5 sums up the key findings of the research. It also includes suggestions for future lines of investigation. 3 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.
Introduction of dyes 2.