Nghiên cứu về thứ tự thu gọn của điểm hữu tỉ trên nhóm đại số

Luận văn thạc sĩ phân tích cấp của thu gọn của điểm hữu tý trên nhóm đại số, đánh giá thực trạng, chỉ ra hạn chế, đề xuất giải pháp khả thi cho thực tiễn.

Chuyên ngành

Algebra and Number Theory

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

master thesis

2022

94
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

35 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

Declaration

Acknowledgements

List of Tables

1. Introduction

2. Algebraic Groups and Reductions

2.1. Linear Algebraic Groups

2.2. Semi-Abelian Varieties

2.3. Integral Models of Algebraic Groups

2.4. Reduction of Algebraic Groups

3. Height Functions and Diophantine Geometry

3.1. Heights on Elliptic Curves

3.2. Some Applications in Diophantine Geometry

3.2.1. Mordell-Weil Theorem

3.2.2. Siegel’s Theorem and S-Units Equation

4. The Orders of The Reductions of Rational Points on Algebraic Groups

4.1. Semi-Abelian Varieties

4.2. A Proof of Theorem 0

Conclusion

Bibliography

Tài liệu "Nghiên cứu về thứ tự thu gọn của điểm hữu tỉ trên nhóm đại số" cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc về cách thức thu gọn các điểm hữu tỉ trong các nhóm đại số, một chủ đề quan trọng trong toán học hiện đại. Nghiên cứu này không chỉ giúp người đọc hiểu rõ hơn về các phương pháp và kỹ thuật thu gọn mà còn mở ra những ứng dụng thực tiễn trong việc giải quyết các bài toán phức tạp. Đặc biệt, tài liệu này sẽ hữu ích cho những ai đang tìm kiếm cách nâng cao năng lực giải quyết vấn đề toán học.

Nếu bạn muốn mở rộng kiến thức của mình về các khía cạnh khác của toán học và giáo dục, hãy tham khảo Luận văn thạc sĩ bồi dưỡng năng lực giải quyết vấn đề toán học cho học sinh lớp 2 thông qua bài toán thực tiễn, nơi bạn có thể tìm hiểu thêm về cách áp dụng toán học vào thực tiễn. Ngoài ra, Luận văn thạc sĩ lịch sử đảng cộng sản việt nam đảng lãnh đạo bảo tồn và phát huy giá trị văn hóa phi vật thể từ năm 1998 đến năm 2014 cũng có thể cung cấp cho bạn những góc nhìn thú vị về sự phát triển văn hóa và giáo dục trong bối cảnh lịch sử. Những tài liệu này sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng hiểu biết và khám phá thêm nhiều khía cạnh khác nhau trong lĩnh vực học thuật.

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AND TRAINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNLOGY Nguyen Quang Khai ON THE ORDER OF REDUCTION OF RATIONAL POINTS ON ALGEBRAIC GROUPS MASTER THESIS IN MATHEMATICS Ha Noi - 2022 n MINISTRY OF EDUCATION VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AND TRAINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNLOGY Nguyen Quang Khai ON THE ORDER OF REDUCTION OF RATIONAL POINTS ON ALGEBRAIC GROUPS Major : Algebra and Number Theory Code : 8 46 01 04 MASTER THESIS IN MATHEMATICS SUPERVISOR : Prof. Nguyen Quoc Thang Ha Noi - 2022 n I Declaration I declare that this thesis titled "On The Order Of The Reduction Of Rational Points On Algebraic Groups" has been composed solely by myself and it has not been previously included in a thesis or dissertation submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this graduate university or any other institution. Wherever the works of others are involved, every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature. I will take responsibility for the above declaration. Hanoi, 30th September 2022 Signature of Student Nguyen Quang Khai n II Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Nguyen Quoc Thang for his support and encouragement throughout the two past years, and his advice and guidance on the topic of my thesis. My fascination with number theory, and its interaction with algebraic groups, has been expanded by him. I am grateful to Professor Phung Ho Hai for his help and guidance, especially in my early years learning algebraic geometry. His lectures and seminars on algebraic geometry play a key role in my algebraic geometry knowledge. I am thankful to the Graduate University of Science and Technology and the In- stitute of Mathematics for giving me a chance to study and work here. Learning mathematics there helps me to meet more mathematicians and friends who share the same interests. Participating in seminars and lectures there always motivates me to understand and study more mathematics. I would like to express my gratitude towards mathematicians in the Institute of Mathematics who always do not hesitate to answer my silly questions and encourage me to pursue advanced mathematics. I would like to thank my roommates, Vo Quoc Bao and Nguyen Khanh Hung, for the many fun discussions on every aspect of mathematics and life. Exchanging mathematics ideas with them always amazes me and helps me a lot in understanding mathematics. Finally, I am indebted to my family, for their support throughout my academic study. This work is funded by International Center for Research and Postgraduate Train- ing in Mathematics Under the auspices of Unesco, grant ICRTM03_2020.06, and sup- ported by the Domestic Master Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foun- dation, Vingroup Big Data Institute, grant VINIF. n Contents Declaration I Acknowledgements II List of Tables 1 Introduction 2 1 Algebraic Groups and Reductions 4 1.1 Linear Algebraic Groups .4 Semi-Abelian Varieties .3 Integral Models of Algebraic Groups .4 Reduction of Algebraic Groups . 30 2 Height Functions and Diophantine Geometry 35 2.1 Heights on Elliptic Curves .2 Some Applications in Diophantine Geometry .1 Mordell-Weil Theorem .3 Siegel’s Theorem and S-Units Equation . 50 3 The Orders of The Reductions of Rational Points on Algebraic Groups 55 3.3 Semi-Abelian Varieties .2 A Proof of Theorem 0. 77 n Conclusion 84 Bibliography 85 n 1 List of Tables Table 2.1: Heights of Points on y 2 = x3 − 2 over Q .2: Heights of Points on y 2 = x3 − t2 x + (t + 1) over F5 (t) . 39 n 2 Introduction The present thesis is motivated by the following classical result of Schinzel and Postnikova in 1968, see the main theorem in [1]. Let a and b be relatively prime nonzero integers of a number field K a for which is not a root of unity. Then there exists a constant n(a, b) such that for b all n > n(a, b), the number an − bn has a primitive divisor. Here, a primitive divisor of an − bn is a prime ideal p such that n is the smallest integer in the set of positive integers h satisfying p|ah −bh . In other words, n is the order a of the reduction modulo p of the non-torsion point ∈ Gm (K). The proof is based b on some estimates of the orders of an − bn modulo prime ideals and an approximation theorem of Gel’fond. This theorem gives us some information about the reduction of non-torsion rational points on the multiplicative group Gm over K. Passing to elliptic curves, S. Cheon also obtained a similar result (see [2]) Theorem 0. Let P ∈ E(K) be a point of infinite order on an elliptic curve E over a number field K. Then there exists an integer N such that for every n > N , there exists a prime p of good reduction of E so that the order of P modulo p is equal to n. Moreover, for all P , except finitely many points, there exists such a prime p for all positive integer n. As usual, when working with rational points on elliptic curves, one needs height function machinery. Using height functions, the idea of the elliptic curve proof is similar to the classical case. In this thesis, we prove a global function field version for above theorems for one-dimensional tori and elliptic curves. In the case of the one-dimensional tori over global function fields, we first give proof of the case of multiplicative groups, and, using reductions, we deduce the one-dimensional torus case. In the case of elliptic curves over number fields, height functions work well; however, we need some auxiliary results when passing to the function field cases. Therefore, we need to treat carefully calculations involving the characteristic of the base field. Precisely, we need some estimates for height functions over function fields of H. Zimmer in [3] and Roth’s theorem in positive characteristics which is proven in [4] by J. Perucca in her thesis [5] has proven the following theorem Theorem 0. Let G be a product of a torus and an abelian variety over a number field K, and L a finite extension of K. Let P ∈ G(L) be such that GP is connected, n 3 and m is some fixed non-zero integer. Then there exists a set of primes p of K whose Dirichlet density is positive satisfying the following: any prime q of L over p satisfies the order of P modulo q is prime to m. Here, GP is the Zariski closure of ZP , the group generated by P , in GL := G ×K L. When L = K and G is a product of an elliptic curve and Gm , we note that Theorems 0.2 give us infinitely many places p satisfying the order of P modulo p is prime to m, but this theorem tells us more, the Dirichlet density of such places is positive. At the end of the thesis, we recall the Kummer theory after Ribet and apply it to give proof of this result due to A. Finally, we propose some open questions. n 4 Chapter 1 Algebraic Groups and Reductions The main references for this chapter are [5], [6], [7], [8], and [9]. This chapter contains five following sections 1. Integral Models of Algebraic Groups. Reduction of Algebraic Groups.1 Global Fields Because we will work with global fields most of the time, I start the thesis with some properties of global fields. By global field we mean a number field (i., a finite extension of the field of rational numbers Q), or a global function field (i., a finite extension of the field Fq (t) for a variable t and a finite field Fq ). We denote F the base field Q or Fq (t). For a field K, denote by K s its separable extension and Γ := Gal(K s /K) its absolute Galois group. F4 (t) and Q( 2) are global fields. • MQ = {primes p} ∪ | · | where | · | is the usual absolute value. 1 • MFq (t) is the set of irreducible monic polynomials and . In addition, those places t induce normalized absolute values as follows: (a) |x|p := p− ordp (x) for x ∈ Q× and prime number p, and (b) |x|f := q − ordf (x). deg f for x ∈ Fq (t)× and f ∈ MFq (t) . n 5 These two kinds of global fields share a lot of common behaviours. A global field K admits a set of non-trivial non-equivalent normalized places (absolute values) MK . We let OK to be the ring of integers in K, i., the integral closure of Z or Fq [t] in K. Now, for S a set of finitely many places in K (we always assume that S contains all Archimedean places), we denote OK,S := OS := {x ∈ K : v(x) ⩾ 0, ∀x ̸∈ S} the ring × of S−integer, OK,S := OS× = {x ∈ K : v(x) = 0, ∀x ̸∈ S} the group of S−units, and OK,v := Ov := {x ∈ K × : v(x) ⩾ 0} the valuation ring correspond to non- Archimedean place v . We denote pv the maximal ideal in Ov , and ordv (x) := ordpv (x). For a place v of K over p of Q (or f of Fq (t)), we denote Kv the completion of K at v and Nv := [Kv : Qp ] (or [Kv : Fq (t)f ]). The number Nv is called the local degree at v. To simplify, we work with normalized absolute values, i., we have (see [10] Propo- sition 2.1) • |x|v = |x|Nv if v is Archimedean, • |x|v = (1/Nv)ordv x for every non-Archimedean place v of a number field, where Nv := #Ov /pv , and • |x|v = (1/q)ordv x. deg v for every place v of a global function field. Here, the degree of v, deg(v) is defined to be the degree [Ov /pv : Fq ] when K is a global function field. We note that those normalized absolute values satisfy • (P) The product formula: for any x ∈ K \ {0} Y |x|v = 1; v∈MK • (F) The finiteness property: for any x ∈ K \ {0}, for all but finitely many v, |x|v = 1. For v ∈ MK a non-Archimedean place, its associated valuation v(.) on K × is defined to be − log |.|v in the number field case, and − logq |. deg v in the global function field case. We denote Div(K) the divisor group that is the free abelian group generated by places of K. It means that a divisor is a formal sum X D= nv .v with nv ∈ Z, and almost nv = 0. v n 6 Such D is called a prime divisor if D is of the form D = v for some v ∈ MK . D is principal if it is of the form X (x) = ordv (x). v Similarly, for the set S as above, the group of S−divisors, DivS (K), is the subgroup of Div(K) generated by primes not in S. A divisor is called S−principal if it is of the form X (x)S := ordv (x). v̸∈S We denote Prin(K) (resp. PrinS (K)) the group of principal divisors (resp. The quotients Cl(K) := Div(K)/ Prin(K), and ClS (K) := DivS (K)/ PrinS (K) are called the class group, and S−class group respectively.

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