University of Massachusetts Boston ScholarWorks at UMass Boston Graduate Masters Theses Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses 5-31-2017 Attentional and Emotional Consequences of Emotional Acceptance and Suppression in an Elevated Anxiety Sample Natalie Arbid University of Massachusetts Boston Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.edu/masters_theses Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Arbid, Natalie, "Attentional and Emotional Consequences of Emotional Acceptance and Suppression in an Elevated Anxiety Sample" (2017). Graduate Masters Theses.edu/masters_theses/418 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses at ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. For more information, please contact library.
ATTENTIONAL AND EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF EMOTIONAL ACCEPTANCE AND SUPPRESSION IN AN ELEVATED ANXIETY SAMPLE A Thesis Presented by NATALIE ARBID Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS May 2017 Clinical Psychology Program © 2017 by Natalie Arbid All rights reserved ATTENTIONAL AND EMOTIONAL CONSEUQENCES OF EMOTIONAL ACCEPTANCE AND SUPPRESSION IN AN ELEVATED ANXIETY SAMPLE A Thesis Presented by NATALIE ARBID Approved as to style and content by: ________________________________________________ Lizabeth Roemer, Professor Chairperson of Committee ________________________________________________ Sarah Hayes-Skelton, Associate Professor Member ________________________________________________ Alice S. Carter, Professor Member ____________________________________ David Pantalone, Program Director Clinical Psychology Program ____________________________________ Jane Adams, Chairperson Psychology Department ABSTRACT ATTENTIONAL AND EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF EMOTIONAL ACCEPTANCE AND SUPPRESSION IN AN ELEVATED ANXIETY SAMPLE May 2017 Natalie Arbid, B. Loyola Marymount University M. University of Massachusetts, Boston Directed by Professor Lizabeth Roemer Acceptance- based strategies have been incorporated into behavioral therapies for anxiety and other disorders (e.
Experimental literature is in need of better, more nuances assessment of the consequences of acceptance (Kohl, Rief & Glombiewski, 2012). Therefore, this study specifically examined the way in which acceptance can increase attentional flexibility and recovery from stress, which are important factors in the maintenance of anxiety disorders (Cisler & Koster, 2010). This experimental study compared acceptance and suppression of emotional experiences, following exposure to fearful stimuli (i., images and film clip), to a control condition. Results indicated that there was no significant relation between dimensional self-ratings of trait and state emotion regulation ability, trait acceptance, disengagement from viewing distressing images, and recovery from distress.
Experimental iv analyses revealed that no emotion regulation strategy- acceptance or suppression- allowed individuals to disengage and recover from the negative images significantly more quickly. Also no emotion regulation strategy led to significantly lower levels of self-reported negative affect and higher willingness to view more distressing images. However, nonsignificant trends of medium to large effect sizes emerged, with unexpected correlational findings suggesting that trait levels of experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties were associated with the ability to disengage from images, while acceptance instructions may have facilitated disengagement following the task. There were several limitations to this study.
First the sample size was small limiting the ability to detect effects of the independent variable (i., emotion regulation instructions). Also randomization was not successful and the conditions were imbalanced on several key variables. Lastly the mood induction was not successful in inducing fear in this sample, therefore limiting ability to comment on participants’ reaction to distress and recovery from distress. Given that there were several limitations to this study, it is important for future research to make the study alterations recommended and conduct further research on this topic.
v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I want to thank my mentor Liz Roemer for your support, guidance, dedication, and belief in my abilities on this project. Your commitment to mentorship and my personal and professional development is beyond anything I could have hoped for. Thank you for being my full service mentor. I also want to thank all my lab- mates for your ongoing support and kindness.
Thank you to my family for always being incredibly loving and supportive. You have always rooted for me, and nurtured my desire to pursue my dreams (no matter how far away that may take me). I also want to thank my partner Robert Hanna. Words can’t express how much I have felt your love and encouragement.
I feel incredibly luck to have you by my side. Thank you to my committee for their time, energy, and thoughtful feedback. I am very grateful for your guidance. I would also like to thank the University of Massachusetts Graduate Student Association for funding this project.
Without the Spayne Grant, I would not have been able to compensate my participants. Lastly I want to thank everyone who participated in this study because I could not have done it without you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. vi LIST OF TABLES.
ix LIST OF FIGURES. xiii CHAPTER Page 1. 1 Overarching Goals and Hypotheses. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE.
5 Models of Emotion Regulation. 5 Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Disorders. 7 Experiential Avoidance and Acceptance. 8 Experiential Avoidance, Acceptance, and Emotion Regulation.
10 Review of Experimental Studies of Experiential Avoidance and Acceptance. 13 Assessment of Recovery. 16 Assessment of Attention and Disengagement. 17 The Current Study.
20 Broad Procedural Overview. 22 Measures and Assessment. 23 Emotional Interference Task and State Measures. 34 Equivalence of Conditions on Key Variables.
40 vii CHAPTER Page 9. 50 Interpretations and Implications of Findings. 52 Correlational Interpretations and Implications. 52 Experimental Interpretations and Implications.
EMOTION REGULATION INSTRUCTIONS. 65 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Means and Standard Deviations of Untransformed Variables of Interest. Zero Order Correlations AAQ, MEAQ, DERS, EIT1.
Correlations Controlling for Baseline Negative Affect. Zero Order Correlations DERS and EIT1. Correlations Controlling for Baseline Negative Affect. Means of EIT2 at 1s SOA.
Means of Recovery at EIT2 at 1s SOA. Means of Recovery at EIT2 at 4s SOA. Mean and Standard Deviations of EIT1 1ms and 4 ms SOA. Means of Negative Affect.
45 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Unadjusted Means of Reaction Time During Recovery of EIT2 at 1ms SOA. Unadjusted Means of Reaction Time During Recovery of EIT2 at 4ms SOA. 44 x CHAPTER 1 SPECIFIC AIMS Research has consistently demonstrated that emotion regulation skills are important to psychological well-being (Gross & Jazeieri, 2014).
Emotion regulation is the process in which individuals attempt to influence the emotions they have, when they have them, and how they are expressed and experienced (Gross, 1998). This is a dynamic and temporal process that involves the adjustment of emotional experiences before, during, and after an event elicits emotions; it also includes the valuation or appraisal of one’s emotional experience (Gross, 2015). This process can be relatively automatic or a habitual response pattern that happens in or outside awareness (Amstadter, 2008), consciously or automatically (Mauss, Cook, & Gross, 2007), and varies based on contextual and personal factors. Specifically, emotion regulation difficulties or emotion dsyregulation has been linked to anxiety disorders such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2005), Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD; Aldao 2014; Turk, Heimberg, Luterek, Mennin, & Fresco, 2005), and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD;Tull, Gratz, Salter, & Roemer, 2004) – for a review see Amstadter (2008).
A common way in which individuals manage their emotional experience, and a maintenance factor in several anxiety disorders, is avoidance. A specific type of avoidance is the avoidance of internal experiences, such as emotions, thoughts, and bodily sensations. This unwillingness to stay in contact with internal sensations is known as experiential avoidance (EA; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996). EA has been the focus of several acceptance-based behavioral therapies (ABBTs), including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006).
The success of these therapies has been in part due to their focus on the reduction of EA and the cultivation of acceptance. 1 Acceptance is understood in opposition to EA and is defined as an allowance of internal experiences without efforts to rid oneself of them; it also includes a quality of relating to one’s internal experiences by turning toward them in an open, nonjudgmental way (Hayes et al., 2006; Hayes, Strosahl, et al. Several investigations have found that reduction of EA and increases in acceptance predict treatment response, reduce anxiety symptomology, and are an overall mechanism of action (Hayes, Orsillo & Roemer, 2010; Arch & Craske, 2008; Arch, Wolitzky-Taylor, Eifert, & Craske, 2012a; Twohig et al., 2010; Niles et al. There has been an increase in the number of experimental studies that have attempted to dismantle ABBTs and investigate acceptance and experiential avoidance outside of treatment.
A meta-analysis of these studies found that acceptance was not significantly associated with psychopathology, yet effect sizes were small to medium and in the predicted direction, possibly indicating a need for better assessment of the construct (Aldao, 2010). In another meta-analysis (Kohl, Rief, & Glombiewski, 2012) acceptance failed to demonstrate general superiority over other emotion regulation strategies, but the large amount of variability in type of manipulation, outcome measures, and comparison groups allowed for no firm conclusions and heeds cautious interpretation of the null findings. This evidence points to the need for better, more nuanced assessment of the construct. Acceptance is not the reduction of symptoms, but it is a change in the relationship to the experience.
Therefore, conclusions based on acceptance’s effects on down-regulation of negative affect or other symptoms may be limited by this narrow outcome measurement. As such, I assessed acceptance in terms of recovery from distress, attentional disengagement from threat, negative affect, and behavioral action, to better capture the ways in which acceptance is effective and to expand on the experimental literature of EA and acceptance. 2 I was particularly interested in understanding the impact acceptance and experiential avoidance have on attention while an individual is engaged in an emotionally distressing task and their impact on recovery from emotional arousal. Emotional and expressive suppression have been used as proxy measures of experiential avoidance, therefore I used emotional suppression in this investigation as it most closely models EA.
I examined whether acceptance could facilitate individuals’ ability to disengage and flexibily move attention from emotionally arousing (i., fearful) images and recover from this heightened arousal. An attentional interference task helped elucidate if acceptance allowed individuals to have an emotional experience, while still engaging and disengaging in other activities. Overarching Aims and Hypotheses Correlational Aims 1. Examine how dimensional self-ratings of trait1 emotion regulation and acceptance are related to the heightened ability to disengage from and recovery following an emotionally arousing task.
It was hypothesized that emotion regulation abilities would be positively related to ability to disengage and recover from an emotionally arousing task. It was hypothesized that acceptance would be positively associated with ability to disengage and recover from an emotionally arousing task. It was hypothesized that state emotion regulation abilities would be positively related to ability to disengage and recover from an emotionally arousing task. 1 The term trait is used in the adult emotion regulation literature to describe the ways in which individuals use these strategies habitually on their own without the impact of an intervention.
This is usually assessed via self-report. Determine which emotion regulation strategies- acceptance or suppression- would allow individuals to better disengage and recover from an emotionally arousing task. It was hypothesized that those instructed to use acceptance strategies would better disengage and recover from an emotionally arousing task compared to those using suppression or no strategy. It was hypothesized that those instructed to use acceptance would report lower levels of negative affect at the end of the study.
It was hypothesized that those instructed to use acceptance would be more willing to view another set of images in the task. 4 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE In this review I investigate current understandings of emotion regulation and how they relate to anxiety disorders.