VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NAW KHU KHU SAN AWARENESS AND WILLINGNESS ON RENEWABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AMONG POST-SECONDARY STUDENTS FROM MYINT-MO EDUCATION FOUNDATION (MEF), MYANMAR MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NAW KHU KHU SANN AWARENESS AND WILLINGNESS ON RENEWABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AMONG POST-SECONDARY STUDENTS FROM MYINT-MO EDUCATION FOUNDATION (MEF), MYANMAR MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof. SAKAMOTO MEGUMI Hanoi, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and above all, I would like to thank the Almighty GOD for letting me through all the difficulties, for his constant love, countless blessings and granting me the necessary wisdom to accomplish successfully. I would like to express my deep thanks to my Scholarship Organization, Japan- ASEAN Integration Fund (JAIF-VJU) for enabling opportunity to study for a two-year master program specializes in Master of Climate change and development (MCCD). I would like to thank to my Vietnam Japan University, VJU especially to Master of Climate change and development (MCCD) program and all members of VJU for allowing me to study for my master‟s degree and for all the supporting.
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Megumi Sakamoto for accepting me to be my supervisor and for his valuable contributions and instruction in many different ways at every stage of my master thesis. Even though all the process were going via online, he was a great mentor always ready to help me and always encourage me to try hard on my study. Without his details guidance and support, this thesis would not have accomplished.
I can‟t say thank you enough for his extremely patience encouragement, wise advice, consistent support and guidance especially during the seemingly challenging times. I would like thank to Prof. Myint Thida for supporting and giving motivation during academic periods and always giving advice for studying even in busy time. Moreover, I would like to thank to all of the teachers and students from Myint-Mo Education Foundation (MEF) for providing all the necessary information for my master thesis.
I would like to express my special thanks to my family for their encouragement in numerous ways and spiritual support in all aspects of my whole life. Finally, I would like to thank all of my MCCD friends who are always helping each other throughout academic years. All in all, I am really thankful to all the people who had been supported me during my whole academic years. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.
i LIST OF FIGURES. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. The necessity of the research.
The research questions and objectives. Objects and scope. Terms and definition .8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Awareness and willingness to use RE.
Myanmar's educational system and MEF. International cooperation to make national electrification plans for Myanmar. Myanmar national electrification plan 2014 (MNEP) (World Bank). Myanmar national electrification program (NEP) 2014 CASTALIA.
National electric master plan（NEMP）2014 JICA. Power sector development in Myanmar2015, (PSDM) ADB. Myanmar climate change master plan (MCCMP) (2018-2030) .26 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Validity and reliability .32 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Questionnaire response rate.
General characteristics of the respondents (teachers) .3 Accessing the needs to introduce CC, RE and SD. General characteristics of the respondents (students). Accessing the students’ knowledge related to renewable energy. Accessing the students’ sources of information getting about RE .7 Accessing the level of students’ awareness and willingness on RE utilization toward SD.
The means and standard deviation results of students’ awareness and willingness. The T- test analysis results of significant difference between females and males students’ awareness. The T- test analysis results of significant difference between females and males students’ willingness. The one way ANOVA results of significant effect of sources on the students’ awareness.
The Pearson correlation results of significant relation between students’ awareness and willingness .5 SWOT analysis on student‟s awareness and willingness on Renewable Energy, Climate Change mitigation and Sustainable development goals in Myint-Mo Education Foundation academies .58 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Recommendations for National Governments and Local Governments. Recommendations for Stakeholders. Recommendations for Curriculum Developers.
Recommendations for MEF Academies. Recommendations for Further Researchers. 70 LIST OF TABLES Table 2. 1 : Number of Schools, Teachers and Students in the 2015 - 2016 Academic Year.
2 : Enrolment rates in ethnic schools. 1 : Data collection process. 2 : Data analysis method. 1: Demographic Profile of the Respondents (Teachers).
2 : Subjects of school teaching related to CC, RE and SD. 3 : Information getting about renewable energy. 4 : Information about the factors that mainly needed for teacher. 5 : Classroom materials needed for the students.
6 : Percentage of current working community needed to introduce RE. 7 : Percentage of sectors mainly needed for promoting RE in the region. 8 : The sectors needed to improve for students learning in each academy. 9 : Teachers‟ requirement to enhance RE education in classrooms.
10 : Feeling about the current program of the academy to teach RE and SD. 11 : Teachers‟ self-assessment of the knowledge on RE,CC and SD. 12 : Demographic Profile of the Respondents (Students). 13 : Renewable energy device students have actually seen before.
14 : Information getting about renewable energy. 15 : The level of students‟ awareness on RE utilization toward SD. 16 : The level of students‟ awareness on RE utilization toward SD. 17 : The attitude of students‟ willingness on RE utilization toward SD.
18 : The students‟ means and standard deviation score. 19 : Students‟ awareness T-test analysis. 20 : Students‟ willingness T-test analysis. 21 : One way ANOVA analysis results of the students.
22 : Pearson Correlation results of the students .52 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 1: Map of the MEF academies location. 1 : Major stages of awareness development process. 2 : Technology Acceptance Model.
3 : The Old and New Basic Education Systems. 4 : International Cooperation to make National Electrification Plans for Myanmar. 1 : Percentage of the students‟ familiarity with the concept of RE, CC and SD. 2 : Percentage of Students willingness to study about renewable energy.
3 : The students‟ respond on the electricity of Myanmar generated by RE. 4 : The students‟ respond on accessing the education about RE in the class 46 Figure 4. 5 : The factors mainly needed to study about RE in the MEF academies. 6: The quality of education in the respondents academies‟ on RE, CC and SD.
7: Summary of SWOT Analysis .58 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asia Development Bank CC Climate Change CMA Cherry Myay Academy EGG Education Gathering Group GoM Myanmar Government JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KG Kindergarten LUA Level Up Academy M/P Master Plan MCCMP Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan MEF Myint-Mo Education Foundation MOEP Ministry of Electric Power MSDP Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan NEMC National Energy Management Committee NEMP Myanmar National Electrification Plan NEP National Electrification Program NGOs Non-governmental Organizations PSDM Power Sector Development in Myanmar PTA Pinnya Tagar Academy RE(S) Renewable Energy (Sources) SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences VA Victoria Academy iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. The necessity of the research Renewable energy (RE) resources often refer as clean source of energy which cannot be depleted easily. It is naturally replenished which can provide enough energy sources for long term period (Renewable Energy | National Geographic Society, n. Nowadays, the demand of energy consumption is very high which is widely used by non-renewable energy sources and it can harm to our planet day to day by emitting greenhouse gases such as CO2 gas.
According to National Geographic Society, USA still depends on non-renewable energy sources (Renewable Resources | National Geographic Society, n. Therefore, it needs to develop sustainable ways for the future and renewable energy is one of the energy sources that can bring sustainable development which could help to achieve to the climate target of Paris Agreement. There are so many renewable energy sources which include Wind, Solar and Hydroelectric energy are three main sources among them. According to the Norway pioneering sustainability, the electricity of Norway has been used from renewable sources since the end of the 1800s (Renewable Energy Production in Norway - Regjeringen.
The Philippines and Indonesia are the second and third largest geothermal power generators, respectively, Japan and China were the top solar PV markets in 2014. In Myanmar, the investment on renewable energy is still slow but Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (MSDP) (2018-2010) highlights increasing renewable energy generation as one of its Strategies and Action Plans. It is therefore crucial to investigate the students‟ awareness on renewable energy towards sustainable development to be able to positively influence and strengthen in the areas of energy conscious generations. It is obvious that natural resources are gradually running out due to excessive extract using for daily human commodity.
People are more self-centered for the sake of their current luxury and nothing can stop human cupidity on the other hand. Natural resources are extracted without limitation either legally or illegally around the world. Besides, there is vulnerable treatment or handling for the global suffering from unstoppable devastation although respective organizations of environmental 1 preservations are striving to conserve our planet accordingly. It cannot deny that it has been quite late to save our planet efficiently but this is only the right time to begin effective preservation as much as we can afford.
If not, it will be completely running out and there will be only a stuck for our future generation. Running out of resources can affect many matters of people. Climate change is one of the obvious effects, which is getting worse as long as the natural resources is coming to an end because running out of resources is directly proportional to rate of climate change. Climate change is a big concern to handle for every country around the world.
Currently, disasters like global warming, drought and over-flooding due to climate change is occurring in each part of the earth. Consequently, numbers of people are suffering from natural disasters and struggling to make a living. Furthermore, crisis over different industries and aspect is happening to lead people on the state of distress. Climate change is manifest in the country with plenty of natural extract especially in the eastern country.
The resource curse is that countries with an abundance of natural resources tend to have less economic growth, less democracy, and worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources. To be more specific, most Southeast Asia countries are effective example of confronting resource curse. Myanmar that is one of the Southeast Asia countries has natural resources including oil and gas, various minerals, precious stones and gems, timber and forest products, hydropower potential, etc. Large amount of country‟s revenue is currently dependent on such natural extracts.
To date, there has been a very low level of systematic exploration of Myanmar‟s natural resources due to lack of modern survey techniques (Rainer Einzenberger | Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, n. One of the strategies and action plans in MSDP is to increase renewable energy generation. Hence, practice of using renewable energy is a vital sector to boost as a highly recommend even though Myanmar is rich of natural extract. As long as the natural extract like forest and mountains to maintain the environment is gone, climate change like global warming, ice melting, water rising, flooding may occur consequently.
Next, it is inevitable that our future generation is going to suffer from such severe crisis although it is acceptable that people can afford to make a living without any natural resources.