VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY CAO THI THUY GIANG HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF SOYBEAN MILK RESIDUE (OKARA): NUTRIENT EXTRACTION AND HYDROCHAR FUEL PROPERTIES MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY CAO THI THUY GIANG HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF SOYBEAN MILK RESIDUE (OKARA): NUTRIENT EXTRACTION AND HYDROCHAR FUEL PROPERTIES MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Dr. NGUYEN THI AN HANG Dr. NGUYEN VIET HOAI Hanoi, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS After a period of conducting research, I have also completed the content of the thesis “Hydrothermal carbonization of soybean milk residue (okara): nutrient extraction and hydrochar fuel properties". The thesis was completed not only by the author's own efforts but also with the helps and active supports of many individuals and groups.
First of all, I would like to express my sincere and deep thanks to my Principal Supervisor Dr. Nguyen Thi An Hang, who directly guided my thesis. She gave me a lot of time and energy as well as many valuable ideas, corrected my thesis with specific comments. Additionally, she always cared, encouraged and reminded me in a timely manner, thereby I could complete the thesis on schedule.
A special thank also goes to my Co-Supervisor Dr. Nguyen Viet Hoai, for his valuable comments, concern, encouragment, and dedicated guidance for analysis of some hydrochar. The second, I am also very grateful to Ms. Nguyen Thi Xuyen, the assistant to Dr.
Nguyen Thi An Hang’s project, for supporting my experiment set-up and environmental parameters analysis. In addition, I would like to thank the professors, officers and staffs of the Master’s Program in Environmental Engineering, Vietnam Japan University, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, who have wholeheartedly taught and helped me in my years in graduate school. Last but not least, I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my family, friends, and fellow masters of the Master’s Program in Environmental Engineering – Batch 4 for always encouraging, caring and helping me during my study and process thesis execution. I acknowledge VJU’s JICA research fund (2021-2023 Principle investigator Dr.
Nguyen Thi An Hang) for financially supporting my thesis research. Ha Noi, June 2021- Cao Thi Thuy Giang TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES. i LIST OF FIGURES .ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Fundamentals and advantages of HTC.
Process parameters of HTC. Application of HTC. Nutrient extraction and recovery from agro-byproducts using HTC. Factors influencing nutrient extraction by HTC.
Potential of axit humics (HA) and nutrient recovery from HTC water process. Fuel properties of agro-byproducts derived hydrochars .1 Evaluation of fuel properties of hydrochars. Factors influencing the fuel properties of hydrochars. Comparison between agro-byproducts derived hydrochars and other conventional fuels.
Soybean milk residue (okara) as an agricultural by-product. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Soybean milk residue (okara). HTC of okara.
Axit humics and nutrient recovery from HTC process water. Analytical methods and equipment. Statistical data analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Extraction of nutrients from okara using HTC. Extraction of total phosphorus (TP). Extraction of phosphate (PO43-). Extraction of nitrogen as amonium (NH4+).
Nutrient and acid humic (HA) recovered from HTC process water. Potential of nutrients and humic substances in HTC process water. Recovery of axit humics and nutrients from HTC process water. Recovery of nutrients from HTC process water.
Fuel properties of okara derived hydrochar. 46 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. 59 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Evaluations of the state of different approaches for applications of HTC products.
Table of HHV values of hydrochar from different materials. Table of ash content values of hydrochar from different materials. Table of Fixed C values of hydrochar from different materials. Methods for examination of parameters.
Values of some indicators of precipitation when changing the concentration of Fe. Values of precipitation at the optimal P extraction conditions. Values of precipitation at the optimal N extraction conditions. The value of ultimate analysis of hydrochar.
The value of proximate analysis of hydrochar. Comparison table of HHV values of hydrochar from different materials. 49 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Okara as a by-product of the tofu and soymilk production processes.
Image of fresh soybean by-product (okara). Tofu business household. Soybean milk residue (okara) raw. Soybean milk residue (okara) after preparation process.
Vacuum filtration apparatus. Hydrochar after drying until unchanged weight. Images of apparatus used in this study. Effect of the solvent categories.
Effect of the solvent concentration. Effect of the HTC temperature. Effect of the HTC time. Effect of the solvent categories.
Effect of the solvent concentration. Effect of the HTC temperature. Effect of HTC time. Effect of the solvent categories.
Effect of the solvent concentration. Effect of the HTC temperature. Effect of the HTC time. Concentrations of PO43- and NH4+ in the HTC process water.
Precipitation from recovery humic acid and phosphorus process. The concentration of N in the solution in the condensate when change the condition of experiments. The images of ultimate analysis of hydrochar. 47 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BET: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller COD: Chemical oxygen demand FC: Fixed carbon HA: Humic acid HHV: Higher heating value HTC: Hydrothermal carbonization N: Nitrogen P: Phosphorous TCVN: Vietnam standard TN: Total nitrogen TP: Total phosphorous VM: Volatile matter iii INTRODUCTION In the food processing, besides the process of creating quality products, the recovery of waste by-products is very necessary.
Besides being meaningful in terms of environmental protection, the treatment of waste by-products will bring economic benefits to businesses. One of the by-products of the food industry is soybean milk residues (okara). Okara is the main by-product obtained after processing soybeans into soy milk. Our country has favorable natural conditions and farmers' agricultural experience, so the planted area and soybean yield are quite high over the years.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), by 2009, soybean area increased to 98.8 million hectares, production reached 222.3 million tons, yield 22.49 quintals/ha, most concentrated in America (76.0%), followed by Asia (20. In Vietnam, the General Statistics Office of Vietnam and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development reported that in 2014, the soybean growing area reached 120 thousand hectares with the total output was 176. Along with the growing area and production of soybeans, the amount of soybean residue obtained in soy milk production is also expected to increase. Currently, a large amount of soybeans is used to produce soy milk.
In our country, there are big soy milk brands such as Vinasoy, Vinamilk, Tribeco. With a capacity of 120 million liters per year at Vinasoy factory (Quang Ngai) and 90 million liters per year at Vinasoy factory (Bac Ninh), experts say: Vinasoy is leading the production capacity of dairy products. The total amount of soybean residue (okara) discharged annually in two factories of Vinasoy alone can reach more than 20 thousand tons/year. Okara contains a large amount of nutrients (phosphorus), protein, glucide, fat and fiber.
However, okara does not last long at room temperature (less than 2 days) and even under refrigeration due to easy decomposition. This can cause odors and pollute the environment. Therefore, handling okara is very necessary. On the one hand, this treatment will help reduce solid waste into the environment.
On the other hand, it contributes to the creation of useful materials (biochar, soil improvement nutrients, etc). 1 In addition, the treatment of soybean milk residues also helps bring economic benefits to enterprises. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a developing but promising innovation for the treatment of waste biomass as well as agricultural residues with high moisture (Burguete et al., 2016; He et al., 2015; Yao et al. The HTC is efficient in nitrogen (N) recovery through change of organic-N into ammonium-N (He et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2016), at the same time it make possible the conversion of organic-P into inorganic-P, it is efficient in P recovery when HTC condition is acidic (Dai et al.
Okara is a by-product from soybean, which is a nutritious agricultural product. Therefore, the potential to recover nutrients from okara is very large. In order for the nutrient recovery process to achieve maximum efficiency, it is necessary to study to find the optimal extraction conditions. To achieve that, it is necessary to investigate the factors affecting the extraction process by testing the nutrient recovery method.
In addition, besides liquid phase, HTC also generates the solid product known as hydrochar, so its energy potential needs to be assessed. 2 Research objectives and scope This study has three main objectives as follows: (1) Extract nutrients from okara using HTC Optimization of HTC process by studying effects of the addition of acids, solvent concentration, HTC temperature, HTC time (2) Evaluate the potential of resource recovery (HA and nutrients) from HTC process solution Investigation of the potential of recovery of acid humics, PO43- and NH4+ from HTC process water: Recovery of HA and P as solid, N as solution (NH4)2SO4 (3) Investigate the effect of extraction conditions on fuel properties of char Evaluation the effects of extraction conditions fuel properties of HTC char by measuring HHV values, ash content, volatile matter. Research significance Vietnam is an agricultural country, where a huge amount of agricultural by- products is generated annually. In which, to mention bean residues, agricultural by- products obtained from the production of tofu and soy milk.
Thus, recycling of agro waste as a source of nutrients has dual environmental benefits, such as (i) reducing solid waste into the environment, (ii) producing useful materials (soil amendments, fertilizers, environmental materials, etc.) and create additional economic value for the business. 3 Thesis’s outline This thesis contains of 4 chapters. The main content of each chapter is presented as follows: Introduction provides the research background, identifies research objectives, research scope, main tasks, and research significance. Chapter 1: Literature review provides information about Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC), its advantages and application on many fields.
factors which effect on the nutrient and humic acid extraction. The focus is placed on the nutrient and humic acid extraction from HTC water process and fuels properties of hydrochar. Chapter 2: Research materials and methodology describes the materials, equipment, and methods used in this study. Experiment setting-up is described in detail.
The analytical methods as well as instruments are also introduced. Chapter 3: Result and discussion provides results on the optimal condition of total phosphorus, ortho phosphate and ammonium nitrogen extraction from HTC water process. Results of humic acid and nutrients recovery. Furthermore, in this chapter, results about fuel properties of hydrochar is also discussed.
Chapter 4: Conclusion and recommendation summaries the main findings, limitations of this research and further research directions. Fundamentals and advantages of HTC Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process for the pretreatment of high moisture content biomass with hot compressed water and making it applicable for diversified purposes. It takes 5 minutes to 12 hours in a closed reactor at temperatures ranging from 180 to 260 °C under pressure (2–6 MPa) condition. HTC has been used to solve practical problems and produce desirable carbonaceous products using a wide variety of derived waste from sewage sludge, algae to municipal solid waste, in addition to lignocellulose biomass as a renewable feedstock.
Until now, hydrothermal processing of macro-algae research has primarily centered on hydrothermal liquefaction to produce oils and supercritical water gasification to produce syngas (Torres et al. Hydrothermal carbonization produces a coal-like substance called hydrochar as well as aqueous (nutrient-rich) and gas phases (primarily CO2) as byproducts (Fiori et al. This solid product has a higher energy density and can be used to generate energy or disposed of as fertilizer for soil nourishment. Meanwhile the HTC water process from some material such as agro- waste can be used to recovery nutrients because of high nutrients content in agro-waste.