逢 甲 大 學 資 訊 工 程 學 系 博 士 論 文 基於物聯網技術運用於智慧停車 輔助系統之研究 Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies 指導教授:許芳榮 共同指導教授:蔡明峰 研 究 生:范南青 中 華 民 國 一 百 零 七 年 六 月 Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to my advisers, Professor Ming-Fong Tsai and Professor Fang-Rong Hsu. Professor Tsai, thank you very much for your encouragement, guidance, and support for the years I spent in Feng Chia. You are truly visionary and a great advisor. Professor Hsu, thank you for supporting me and your useful advice that you have given me.
I really enjoyed those brainstorming and discussion meetings that we had. Without both of you, this research would not be possible. I am grateful to Professor Chyi-Ren Dow for supporting me and giving me the opportunity to study in Feng Chia. Many thanks to Professor Wei-Bin Lee, Professor Wei-Chih Hong, Professor Yi-Chung Chen, Professor Tzong-An Su for the knowledge you gave me in my courses.
To all Professors and Teaching Assistants who have taught me, I thank you. I would also like to thank to all my lab-mates in Wireless Networking Lab and Intelligent of Things Lab for giving me a great working place and great help while I work here. In particular, I would like to thank my dear friend Curtis Ye for the wonderful time that we spent together. I also greatly appreciate all the help from Bo Cai, Ching-Fu Hsiang, Chia- Yuan, Qi-Feng and other friends.
Special thanks to my family, especially my Mom and Dad, for their support and encouragement over the years. Finally, I am thankful to my wife for her love giving me. i FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies Abstract In recent years, there has been a rapid development of technologies devising solutions for intelligent transportation systems, including intelligent parking assist systems. However, previous systems revealed several weaknesses, such as models which are not scalable, do not provide a full range of parking services to users, do not effectively manage parking resources, and have high latency in real-time parking services.
To overcome these problems, this thesis examines previous research and proposes a new model for intelligent parking assist systems. We also introduce novel algorithms that increase the efficiency of the proposed system based on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Our system can help users to automatically find an optimal parking space at the least cost, based on new performance metrics. In addition, this thesis also proposes an intelligent parking assist system with a full range of end-to-end support services including: finding a suitable parking space based on the user’s profile, outside guidance service, enter car park service, and indoor guidance service.
Our system has been simulated and successfully implemented in the real world. The simulation results show that our system helps to improve the probability of successful parking and minimizes user waiting time. Keywords: Smart parking system, Internet of Things technologies, performance metrics. ii FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies Table of Contents Acknowledgements.
ii Table of Contents. iii List of Figures. v List of Tables. vii Chapter 1 Introduction to the Development of Intelligent Parking Systems .1 Automated parking system .2 Intelligent parking assist system .3 Classification of intelligent parking assist system .4 Shortfalls of current Parking Systems.
6 Chapter 2 Architecture for Intelligent Parking Assist Systems based on Internet of Things Technologies .1 Internet of Things technologies .2 Structure of an IPAS System based on IoT technologies .1 Local Parking Unit.3 IoT Hardware for IPAS Systems .2 Arduino, Raspberry Pi Control Units .4 Protocol stack for IPAS systems .5 Propose the IPAS network based on IoT technologies .2 Construct the neighbor table of nodes. 25 Chapter 3 Mathematical Models for IPAS Systems .1 Linked-Cost function estimation .28 iii FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies 3.2 Total Parking Cost Estimation.3 Parking Queue Models .33 Chapter 4 Smart Services System Over Parking Networks .1 Searching Service and Booking Service .4 Locking Service and Warning Service. 43 Chapter 5 Enhance the Performance of Wireless Communication in Intelligent Parking System .1 Indoor guidance using Ultra-wideband signals .2 Improve the quality of data transmission in IPAS system using a look up table structure .3 An adaptive solution for data transmission between local IoT network and server system using MQTT protocol. 56 Chapter 6 Evaluate the Performance of Intelligent Parking System .1 Arena simulation tool .3 Evaluate the performance of IPAS system .1 Without consideration of parking fee .2 With consideration of parking fee.
The future of IPAS system. 71 iv FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies List of Figures Figure 1. An automated parking system. The basic configuration of an IPAS system.
The basic structure of an IPAS system based on Internet of Things technologies. The role of the control unit in an IPAS system. The use of ultrasonic sensor to detect the presence of the car at the parking space. Propose to use Fog Computing in building intelligent parking assist system 14 Figure 2.
The interface of an IPAS system running on iOS platform. Andruino/Raspberry Pi module used as control unit in Intelligent Parking Assist System. Stack of protocols for Intelligent Parking Assist System. Infrastructure/Backbone of the CPN architecture.
Car park network deployment for car parking system. Simple neighbour tables. Neighbour tables sorted by descending values of F ( , , ). A searching for a parking space based on the cost function.
The service queue. System framework for IPAS services. Illustrate the Searching/Booking Service. Illustrate the Tracking service.
Illustrate the guidance services: (a) Outside guidance, (b) Entering car park guidance, (c) Indoor guidance. Illustrate the Car Locking and Warning Service. 43 v FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies Figure 4. Procedures reserved parking spot.
Implementation of outside car park navigation system. Implementation of inside carpark navigation system. Enhance the accuracy of indoor navigation method for intelligent parking system using UWB signals. Estimate the TOF between vehicle’s tag and anchor.
Determine the user’s position in the parking system. Efficiency comparison between proposed method and other related works. Wireless communications in a local parking lot. Apply the Lookup table structure to minimize the overhead of data transmission in IPAS system.
Comparison of Recovery Overhead of different RS codes: (a) Communication distance changes; (b) BER changes (with k = 223 bytes). Comparison of average recovery overhead of proposed Adaptive Lookup- Table method, AMFEC [57], and Ghaida [58] with number of data transmissions t = 6. A new architecture for real-time data transmission in IPAS system using MQTT protocol. Comparison between the adaptive network and normal network for changes in queue length and number of sensor nodes: (a) end-to-end delay; (b) packet drop rate 59 Figure 6.
An installation setup to simulate IPAS systems using Arena software. Average waiting time in a normal network vs. the proposed network. Average total time in normal network vs.
the proposed network. Average waiting time vs. 68 vi FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies List of Tables Table 2. Comparison between Cloud Computing and Fog Computing for IPAS system.
Comparison of protocols used in IPAS system. Table of cost function. Reference information for each user. Average waiting time in case of POIS(20 minute).
Average waiting time in case of POIS(15 minute). Average total time in case of POIS(20 minute). Average total time in case of POIS(15 minute). 67 vii FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies Chapter 1 Introduction to the Development of Intelligent Parking Systems Today, parking is becoming a big concern because of the monetary cost of parking and time spent looking for parking.
According to statistics in recent studies, the time that a vehicle travels is very small compared with the time it takes to park (about 5% for travelling on the road and 95% for parking) [1]. This raises the importance of parking systems in providing useful services for users and solutions to parking problems. Parking problems can be resolved by finding how to optimize parking resources and make it convenient for the driver to find the right parking lot at the least cost. Therefore, intelligent parking assist systems have been built to provide solutions to these problems.
In this chapter, we will introduce the development history and characteristics of the current intelligent parking assist system.1 Automated parking system An early form of intelligent parking assist systems was the automated parking system (APS). As a result of the development of the vehicle industry and the exponential increase in the numbers of cars in urban areas, the demand for parking services has increased to try to meet the needs of users. In order to increase the capacity of a car park, by maximizing the use of parking spaces and attracting customers’ interest, the automated parking system was born. In this section, we will first learn about the characteristics of the automated parking system.
The definition of an automated parking system can be given as follows: an automated (car) parking system is a mechanical system designed to minimize the area and/or volume required for parking cars. In addition, today, an automated parking system also assists operators to optimize their use of car parking spaces as well as minimizing time and money costs for drivers by helping them to find the best value vacant slots; the subsequent reduction in time spent looking for parking reduces emissions. Since the motor vehicle was born, an inevitable implication which is pulled by the parking system also born. The early parking systems were mechanical systems with the 1 FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies direct operation of the workers.
Along with the development of science and technology, an automated parking system was introduced in Paris, France in 1905 at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu [2]. In the early 1990s, nearly 40,000 parking spaces were being built annually using the paternoster APS in Japan and about 1.6 million parking spaces in 2012. The rapid increase in urbanization combined with the number of used cars has led to the need to replace traditional parking lots with APS systems to better meet the needs of users. An automated parking system Automated car parks rely on technology similar to that used for mechanical handling and document retrieval.
The driver leaves the car in an entrance module, and it is then transported to a parking spot by a robot trolley. This process helps the driver save time in finding parking spot inside the car park and driving time. The APS has common features that reduce the vacant slots in car park, assist in finding parking spaces and support charging for parking. The benefits that an automated car park can bring are as follows [2- 4]: • Utilize the parking spaces in the parking lot by having plans to use vacant spaces.
• Increase the capacity of the parking lot used by reducing the width and height of each parking space. • More secure because the system prohibits public access to the parking lot. • Reduce driving time and cost because the search and move to the parking spot inside car park are eliminated. 2 FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) Intelligent Parking Assist System based on Internet of Things Technologies • The visual impact and handicap access are improved.