QUANG NAM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES. GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON REALLY IN TERMS OF SYNTAX, SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS (ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE) Student: NGUYEN THI BICH LE Student code: 1117005623 MAJOR: ENGLISH Academic Course: 2007 - 2011 Supervisor: DOAN PHAN ANH TRUC, MA Quang Nam, May 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my upervisor, Ms Doan Phan Anh Truc, M.A for her helpful advice, whole — hearted suidance, constant support and encouragement throughout the study. 1 wish to express my great gratitude to the teachers of Department of foreign :anguage, Quang Nam University for having devotedly taught me for four years at iniversity. Last but not least, I would like to sincerely thank my family and my friends for their help and never — ended encouragement during the process of doing this paper.
Tam Ky, June, 2011 Nguyen Thi Bich Le ii ABSTRACT This paper is an attempt to investigate the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects of really on the contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese. The study tries to show the similarities and differences in using realy in both languages. Finally, the study puts forwards some suggestions for the effective usage of English, especially in speaking, writing and translation. Hi ABBREVIATION End m End medial Initial Initial end Initial medial Medial Medial medial iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS. The justification for the study. Aims and objectiyes. Scope of the study.
Definition of terms DST LCE PHGSIZOPS agxisoit i tiactg sixedg4107,0380 k4oisteicsed 7 TTD. FOLCO s enso eca sve svi evaonbehiavesbivteshbvoseaibvs cioureat s ucioae s XÃ 1. Subjective epistemic modality CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. Review of the previous studies.1, Modality and Epistemic modality.
Syntactic functions of adverbs lL 2. Concepts of intensifier. Emphasizers in related to speech act. 13 CHAPTER 3: METHOD AND PROCEDURE 14 3.
Design of research method. Validity and reliability sete: CHAPTER 4: SYNTACTIC, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF REALLY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 4. Syntactic characteristics of really in English and Vietnamese. In positive declarative clauses 4.
In negative declarative clauses 4. In interrogative clauses.1, Distribution of Really in clausal structure 4. Distribution of Really towards the clausal elements. Semantic characteristics of really in English and Vietnamese 4.1, Distribution of Really in relation with semantics VL 4.
Function of truth attesting of really 4. Really with the function of emphasizing. Really with the function of degree reinfoi 4. Pragmatic characteristics of really in Engli: 4.
Position of really in relation with pragmatics. Increasing the illocutionary force of utterances.2, Really as expressives of epistemic commitment. LH HIỆU NHI fOÏÌxigbilitluili\biHlgaaitlaiBiáqtsaByiliuaitgagiwead 49 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION IN SPOKEN, WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION. Suggestions for further study REEERENCE eecccccsc chán cc 2x 60616001ã0 pasag0404E146444040466660 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1, Rationale In daily communication, we do not simply transfer pure information but we wish to express and convey our ideas, thinking, feeling and our intention via language devices.
Therefore, the process of conveying information is always associated with that of interaction of all language properties in order to achieve different communicative goals. It is because there always exist factors affecting the distribution of listeners’ attention to reality. Thus, utterances are required by the features of emphasizing, real evidence and subjective or objective epistemic modality with the view to lure listeners’ or receivers’ attention and to convey almost the content of message to them, and from this, they can process information correctly and avoid misunderstanding to reach the most effective target of communication. Regarding to this, there is a phenomenon featuring such language properties called intensifiers and mentioned particularly as emphasizers, but of which I would like to focus on reaily as an item of those for my study.
Vietnamese learners of English often have mistakes when using this adverb in speaking, writing and especially in translating. So this reduces effectiveness in communication and sometimes this causes ambiguity or misunderstanding from listeners, and it does not manifest speakers’ or writers’ intention, as in the following example “Nothing for nothing, and really remarkably little for sixpence” and it is translated into Vietnamese, as follows “ching ai cho khéng bao gid, di chi một đồng 6 xu là của không đáng. Really in the sentence mentioned above means “du chi”, it does not remain the meaning of “thuc ra, thực sw”. Or in another example “The Red River at this hour was really red” is translated into Vietnamese *Vào giờ này quả là con sông mang màu hdng” [27, p.209] and really in this sentence with the meaning of “qia 1a”.
Really is a degree reinforcer, raising a force ve to the adjective ‘red’, besides it expresses both subjective modality and objective modality. It is objective evidence because it is a truth which the speaker sees or realizes. It is subjective because the speaker feel based on his experience or attitude toward the truth. Or as in another case, when we say a sentence in Vietnamese such that “anh ta rat yéu cé Ay” and it will be “Ile really loves her” in English, but we can not say “He very loves her” because ‘very’ is not used in such case.
This emphasizes that he loves her very much. Thanks to this, the receiver will perceive which part of the message is focused on and understand the speaker’s intention. Using only one adverb makes listeners not be able to understand or misunderstand speakers’ intention. As a result, listeners can not understand that of speakers and communicative effectiveness is difficult to reach.
I think this problem need to be studied. Although there are many studies on this field in a large scale, there has not had any on really yet, especially contrastive study in English and in Vietnamese. So, I carry out my study of the topic. Because I myself do not have lots of experience and time for my study is limited, I do not have an ambition of studying on a big topic.
I only focus on the adverb really in English versus Vietnamese for my study in order to find out the similarities and differences of really in English and Vietnamese on syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects. I hope that this study will help learners of English realize and use it correctly and effectively in speaking, writing and translation, and listeners or receivers can correctly understand the intention of speakers and gain effective communicative purposes. I also hope that the study will contribute to success of learners of English. These are the reasons why I choose this topic for my study.
The justification for the study A study on really in English and Vietnamese will be of great benefit for Vietnamese learners of English. Aims and objectives 1. Aims This study aims at an investigation on the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of really in English versus Vietnamese to help Victnamese learners of English interpret really and provide them pragmatic knowledge to use it effectively. Objectives: This study is intended: - to identify, describe, analyze and compare really in English versus Vietnamese on syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects.
- to discover similarities and differences of reafly in English and Vietnamese. - to suggest some implications for teaching and learning English. Scope of the study The study will examine really in English and Vietnamese under the category of emphasizing adverbs concerned in discourse. What are the syntactic features of really in English and Vietnamese? 2.
What are the characteristics of semantics and pragmatics of really in English and Vietnamese? 3. What are the similarities and differences of reafly between English and Vietnamese in terms of syntax, semantics and pragmatics? 1. Organization The paper is divided into five chapters: Chapter one is the introduction to the study which includes the rationales, the aims and objectives, the justification for the study, research questions, the scope of the study. The definition term of emphasizers, force, truth attesting and subjective epistemic modality will also be introduced in this chapter.
Chapter two is literature review and theoretical background of the study. Chapter three presents research methods and procedure of data collection and analysis. Chapter four is findings and discussion about contrastive analysis of rea/ly in English and Vietnamese on syntactic features, semantic and pragmatic characteristics. Chapter five draws conclusions and implications in speaking, writing and translation.
Definition of terms 1. Emphasizers Emphasizers are linguistic devices used by speakers or writers to place great emphasis on the part of information or the whole of the message. It consists of items with function as attitudinal disjunts expressing the comment that what is being said is true. Force In pragmatics, the term ‘force’ refers to the speaker's communicative intention.
Force, a concept introduced by J.Austin, is the second component of speaker meaning [9]. Utterance meaning is the first component of speaker meaning. Truth attesting Truth attesting means to bear witness, to certify, to affirm something to be true or false, to show or prove that something is true or false. It is the real facts about something rather than the things that have been invented or guessed.
Truth attesting ensures the truth of assertion based on evidence in reality or subjective belief. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2. Review of the previous studies Up to now, there has not been a clear study of really in English and in Vietnamese in terms of syntax, semantics and pragmatics yet. Most studies have concemed on its large range of categories in general such as emphasizers or intensifiers approached the pragmatic functions as well as syntactic and semantic aspects in English and Vietnamese.178] mentioned the semantic role of modality of emphasizers with a reinforcing effect on the meaning of the sentence.
Emphasizers, as defined by Quirk et al. [21] [22] in terms of syntactic and semantic scope, have a general heightening effect and he pointed out co-cccurrence restrictions on English emphasizers.759] grouped emphasizing adverbs in the class of English adverbs of degree and focused on the semantic aspect such as emphasizing the truth of the statement and the seriousness of the situation described. In the study of Vietnamese pragmatic makers, Lé Dong and Pham Hung Viét have approached emphasis as a semantic—pragmatic phenomenon realized by Vietnamese focus particles. In this study, the semantic - pragmatic mechanism of particles was thoroughly discussed.
Unfortunately, this is a monolingual study on ‘Vietnamese focus particles where no contrast with such English equivalences was made, Especially, a recent study by Doan Phan Anh Truc [13] has showed that there are some similarities and differences of emphasizers in English and Vietnamese in terms of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Really is analyzed as some specific examples in one of two large groups of emphasizers. Really has not studied separately and generally as an item of emphasizers in English and Vietnamese yet. So, there has not resulted in the conclusions of similarities and differences of really in English and in Vietnamese.
Modality and Epistemic modality Palmer defined modality as semantic information associated with attitudes and opinions of speaker about the content of what is said. Modality is the facet of illocutionary force that expresses the speaker’s attitude, or the speaker’s degree of commitment to the expressed proposition’s believability, obligatoriness, reality or desirability. According to Palmer [19]. modality is concerned with subjective characteristics of an utterance, and subjectivity is an important criterion of modality.
Modality is defined as the grammaticalisation of speaker’s attitudes and opinions. Because modality covers a wide range of semantic categories, it is essential to mention here only a kind of modality that is involved in the functions of really. That is epistemic modality, the one that is closely associated with the truth and of what is sai Epistemic modality is a modality that connotes how much certainty or evidence a speaker has for the proposition expressed by his or her utterance. Epistemic modality is used to indicate the possibility or necessity of some piece of knowledge.