HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING MASTER THESIS Human chromosome classification using convolutional neutral network QUÁN THỊ YẾN yen.vn Advanced Program in Biomedical Engineering Instructor: PhD. Trần Anh Vũ Instructor's signature School: Electrical & Electronic Engineering HA NOI, 7th 2023 Ha Noi, 8th 2023 SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM Independence- Freedom- Happiness VERIFICATION OF THE MASTER THESIS The full name of the author: Quán Thị Yến Thesis topic: Human chromosome classification using convolutional neutral network Majority: Biomedical Engineering The student code: 20212483M The Instructor and the chairman of committee verify that the author has corrected and supplemented the thesis according to the minutes of the meeting committee with the following contents: 1. Add the ways to classify chromosomes 2. Correct explanatory words in the thesis 3.
Correct the names of tables and pictures according to the rules of writing a thesis 4. Remove irrelevant images 5. Move the models of EfficientNet, Denset and Inception networks to the Chapter 2: Methodology 6. Describe in detail macro-average precision, macro-average recall and macro- average F1-score and accuracy to evaluate the performance of classifier.
, 2023 The Instructor The Author CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE THESIS TOPIC Human chromosome classification using convolutional neutral network Instructor Sign and write full name. Acknowledgements For the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to PhD. Tran Anh, Lecturer at School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology because he guided and facilitated me during the implementation process. His enthusiastic teachings have helped me a lot in the process of carrying out this research.
Thank you to Mr. Tuan, a former research student at room 418, C9 building, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, for supporting me in my thesis work. I sincerely thanks! Abstract Most cells are composed of 23 chromosomes. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes.
The 23rd pair contains the sex chromosomes: males typically have one X and one Y chromosome in each cell, while females typically have two X chromosomes. The chromosome contains all information that the body needs to grow and develop. Some genetic diseases are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Diagnosis of these abnormalities has gained attention in recent years.
One of the most popular and useful ways to solve this problem is based on Karyotyping. Karyotyping is a laboratory procedure that allows doctors to examine the set of chromosomes. Karyotyping tests are performed to determine if the cell's chromosomes are normal. Therefore, it plays an important role in the diagnosis of genetic disorders.
In fact, Karyotyping requires considerable manual efforts, domain expertise and experience, and is very time- consuming. I made a thesis research with this topic to apply what I learned at school and self-study about the application of convolutional neural networks and many methods in the preprocessing step to be able to self-classify chromosome. Thereby, as a basis to replace Karyotyping method, helping doctors quickly identify abnormal chromosomes. At last, I have achieved the best results with the EfficientNet-b3 model in the series (Accuracy: 97.12%) of CNN models I put in to try.
For many reasons, in the process of implementing the thesis, I still made many mistakes and limitations. Therefore, I look forward to receiving your comments and evaluations for the topic to be developed and improved. Sincerely thank! STUDENT Sign and write full name. CONTENTS CHAP 1 INTRODUCTION .3 Methods to identify mutated chromosomes in real life.3 Why chromosomal testing is required? .4 Using AI to replace Karyotyping method.1 Increase brightness and contrast .3 Crop chromosome image .1 Using CNN network for chromosome classification.1 Application in Passau dataset.
41 SUMMARY OF THE MASTER'S THESIS. 44 a) Reason of choosing the topic. 44 b) Purpose, Research Object, Scope of Research. 44 c) Content Summary and Author’s Contribution.
46 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 The effect of pre-processing stage on performance .2 Experiment results between CNN models when trained with input images of size 256 x 256 .3 Performance of EfficientNet B3 with 3 resize methods using image size 256 x 256 .4 Performance of EffcientNet-b3 using adaptive resizing (k=1) with different input image sizes .5 The effect of augmented factor in adaptive resize method .6 Comparison to other approachers. 38 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic chromosome:(1) Chromatid, (2) Centromere, (3) Short arm, (4) Long arm.2 A way to classify chromosome types .3 Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 .5 Children diagnosed with Turner syndrome .6 The process of using AI to separate and classify chromosomes .7 Result after AI processing .1 The proposed general model .2 Chromosome Image Data from University of Passau .3 The principal image of chromosome from Passau University .4 The Image of chromosome after labeling .5 The Data Processing .6 Amount of data for each section test, train, valid .7 Data Enhancement Process .8 5x5 image with 2 layer of Zero- padding .9 Example of matrix array .12 A 5-layer dense block with a growth rate of k = 4 and the standard ResNet structure.13 Block of convolution layers with results concatenated .15 A block diagram of pre-trained DenseNet-161 .17 The model of EfficientNet .18 The performance of some CNN networks .19 Architecture of EfficientNet-B0 with MBConv as Basic buildingblock .20 Structure of EfficientNet-B1 .21 Schematic representation of EfficientNet-B3 .23 The model of Inception V1 .26 The model of InceptionResnet .1 The proposed detail Diagram .2 The chromosome image (right) after rotating 45◦ from the original image (left) .3 The chromosome image (right) after flipping from the original image (left) .4 Crop chromosome image .5 Three approaches to resize cropped image to fixed size .6 Adaptive resizing method .7 Algorithm for the adaptive resizing method .9 Equations to evaluate performance .10 Comparison of Loss curves and Accuracy curves for train and validation stage.1 Chromosome A chromosome [1] is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones. These proteins, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity.
These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation.1 Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic chromosome:(1) Chromatid, (2) Centromere, (3) Short arm, (4) Long arm Chromosomes as Figure 1.1 are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated (S phase), and both copies are joined by a centromere, resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. The joined copies are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study.
In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe. Usually, this will make the cell initiate apoptosis leading to its own death, but sometimes mutations in the cell hamper this process and thus cause progression of cancer. Chromosome types There are many ways to classify chromosomes, and each way relies on different characteristics of chromosomes to distinguish.
1 Chromosomes are divided into two parts (p and q arms) with a constriction point called a centromere in the middle as the Figure 1. The centromere can be located in different positions and this forms the basis for the four different classes of chromosome: Metacentric – centromere is in middle, meaning p and q arms are of comparable length (e. chromosomes 1, 3, 16, 19, 20) Submetacentric – centromere off-center, leading to shorter p arm relative to q arm (e. chromosomes 2, 4 - 12, 17, 18, X) Acrocentric – centromere severely off-set from center, leading to much shorter p arm (e.
chromosomes 13 - 15, 21, 22, Y) Telocentric – centromere found at end of chromosome, meaning no p arm exists (chromosome not found in humans) Figure 1.2 A way to classify chromosome types Another way to classify chromosomes is classifying them into 24 types of chromosome. An autosome is one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Autosomes are numbered roughly in relation to their sizes.
The largest autosome- chromosome 1- has approximately 2,800 genes; the smallest autosome- chromosome 22- has approximately 750 genes. 22 pairs are known as autosomes and the remaining chromosome pair consists of the sex chromosomes and is directly involved in sex determination. In females, the two sex chromosomes are identical (XX), whereas in males the two sex chromosomes are not identical (XY). The Y chromosome is smaller than the X chromosome.
Besides, in humans, seven (A–G) groups of autosomes are recognized. Sex chromosomes (X, Y) are placed at the end. A diagram of the karyotype based on chromosome measurements in many cells is called an ideogram. Chromosome numbers 1–3 (A group) is metacentric, numbers 4–5 (B group) and 6–12 (C group) are submetacentric and 13–15 (D group) and 21–22 (G group) are acrocentric and have satellites and chromosomes 16–18 (E group) are again metacentric.2 Chromosome classification 2 Chromosome classification is the identification of which of the 23 types of chromosomes in a cell.
Chromosome classification plays an important role in determining whether chromosomes are normal or not, thereby determining whether a person has a disease, a very important method that can be used as an alternative to karyotyping test. Genetic disorders include of many types [2]. They includes: • Chromosomal: This type affects the structures that hold your genes/DNA within each cell (chromosomes). With these conditions, people are missing or have duplicated chromosome material.
• Complex (multifactorial): These disorders stem from a combination of gene mutations and other factors. They include chemical exposure, diet, certain medications and tobacco or alcohol use. • Single-gene (monogenic): This group of conditions occurs from a single gene mutation. Some common congenital syndromes caused by chromosomal disorders [2] are detected through Karyotyping test, or maybe through my research topic: • Down syndrome [3]: as described in Figure 1.3, occurs due to an extra chromosome 21 in the genome.
Children with Down syndrome will have poor physical and intellectual development, language delays, and self-care. In addition, children with Down syndrome often have congenital abnormalities of the heart, hearing, vision, thyroid disorders, digestion.3 Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 Edwards syndrome: occurs due to an excess of chromosome 18 in the genome. Children with Edwards syndrome often have serious health problems and most will not live more than a year. Patau syndrome: caused by an excess of a 13th chromosome in the genome.
Babies are often born with serious problems with the heart, nerves, weak health, 3 underdeveloped brain. People with Patau syndrome usually live only a short time after giving birth. Triple X Syndrome is a genetic condition where a female is born with an extra X chromosome. This condition only happens in females.
It can be passed down from a parent or happen spontaneously. Females with triple X syndrome may have no symptoms and not know they have the condition, or their symptoms could include being usually tall and fertility issues. There’s no cure for triple X syndrome. Triple X syndrome is a rare genetic condition that affects only females.
It can also be referred to as trisomy X syndrome or 47, XXX. A trisomy is a genetic condition in which there are three copies of a chromosome.