UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM- THE NETHERLANDS PROJECT FOR M.A ON DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS THE DETERMINANTS OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD'S BORROWING IN HO CHI MINH CITY By NGUYEN XUAN HIEN MASTER OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2012 CERTIFICATION "I certify that the content of this thesis is my own work which has not already been • submitted for any degree or examination. I declare that to the best of my knowledge, all the sources used or quoted are indicated and acknowledged by complete references." " 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been finished without the helps and supports of numerous individuals and institutions. Therefore I want to express my deep gratitude to them. First of all, I would like to thank UEH/ISS teachers who have settled my foundations on development economics and international standard research methodology.
Through the program, my mind has been opened to the world. I am profoundly thankful my supervisor, Dr. Nguyen Trong Hoai for his ideas and comments on my research questions, literature review and reference. His intellectual supports make very complicated economic development theories become simple ones in my mind.
During the course, I have received numerously his kind supervision, guidance, useful. comments and encouragements. - I am especially grateful to Dr. Nguyen Huu Dung who gracious made available advices and suggestions for me to improve the content and English writing of my thesis.
• I also thank all my classmates and my colleagues for their helps, encouragements and cooperation during my learning and doing research time. Last but not least, without encouragement, tolerances and loves of my parents, my younger sister, my relatives, my friends and my wife, this research would not have been completed. So, I would express my deepest debt to them. -4 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 - Summarize empirical studies and coefficient sign of determinants of accessing to formal credit Table 3.1 -The average loan amount, by source of loan Table 3.2 -Interest rates by sources of loans (percent) Table 3.3- Access to bank credit among different household's qualitative characteristics Table 3.4- Access to bank credit among different household's quantitative characteristics Table 3.5- Loan uses by the urban borrowers in HCM city Table 3.6- Sectors that loan spent Table 4.1 - Table of independent variables Table 4.2 - The result of regression model • 4 CONTENT OF THESIS CERTIFICATION.
3 1 LIST OF TABLES. 4 CONTENT OF THESIS. The structure of the thesis. 10 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW FOR URBAN HOUSEHOLD'S ACCESS TO I FORMAL CREDIT.
FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSEHOLD ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT. Financial repression approach. New institutional economics approach. THE CREDIT MARKET MODEL.
Credit demand and household financial behavior. Credit supply and behavior of formal financial intermediaries. 32 CHAPTER 3: FINANCIAL SYSTEM AND ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT BY • HOUSEHOLD URBAN IN HO CHI MINH CITY. FINANCIAL SYSTEM IN VIETNAM.
OVERVIEW OF ACCESS TO BANK CREDIT BY HOUSEHOLD URBAN IN HO CHI MINH CITY. Formal and informal credit sources are co-existing. Comparing the interest rate between formal and informal credit sources. Ability to access bank credit by household, production and financial characteristics40 3.
Characteristics of loan uses by urban households in Ho Chi Minh City. 46 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, MODEL SPECIFICATION, RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION. DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT BY HOUSEHOLD. Interpretation of regression results.
51 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATION. PROBLEM STATEMENT Finance now plays an important role in economic growth and development. The financial services are the services provided by the financial institutions, intermediation or organizations that dealt with the arrangement and management of money, it also can be described as a set of arrangement including lending and borrowing of funds. The improvement of household's borrowing and accessibility to credit can increase the opportunity for income generation and improve the living standard and thus reduce the poverty, inequality and vulnerability, especially for the low income and poor households.
So, access to credit plays a major role in increasing household's conditions, particularly for the low income and the poor. When credit is accessible, the household can solve the problem of lacking of finance that would negatively affected household's conditions. Providing credit services and removing the constraints can be positive means of improving household's living standard. So, the government always tries to improve household's borrowing and access to financial services (especially access to the formal credit sectors) because of the interest of household received from financial services.
Many financial institutions, intermediation or organizations and credit programs with preferential interest rate and lending policies are established to fulfill the accessibility of household to formal credit. Like others developing countries, the government of Vietnam has created some credit institutions. These institutions have function to provide credit, loans with the low interest rate and enhance provision of financial services for the household. In developing countries, households have a high demand for credit.
Credit demand can be used for production, investment, consumption purpose (Donald, 1976). To satisfy the demand for credit, household can find borrowing in the credit market. In Vietnam, the credit market characterized by the co-existence of formal and informal credit sectors. The formal credit sectors preferred to this paper are social policy bank, state- owned commercial banks, representative offices and branches of foreign banks, foreign joint- venture banks, domestic joint-stock commercial banks, people's credit funds and cooperatives, 7 employment support fund, credit organizations, social political organizations while the informal credit sectors are individual creditors, friends and relatives and others.
The formal credit system provides credit for the household, especially for the low income and poor households, with the favor interest rate. While the informal one charge higher interest rate compare to formal credit. However, household's access to formal credit is still limited, especially for formal financial institutions. There are many factors that affect this problem such as asymmetric information, transaction cost, the household head characteristics, the production characteristics, the financial characteristics, etc.
All of these factors can determine of access to formal credit of the household. Up to now, there are several similar studies which have been done to prove the positive impact of access to credit on household's activities and try to find out the determinants of household's access to formal credit such as Rural development finance in Vietnam: A micro econometric analysis of household surveys (Pham Bao Duong and Yoichi Izumida, 2002); Effects of the value of assets on farming household's access to credit in rural Viet Nam (Nguyen Van Ngan, 2003); Effecting of loan amount on farm households income in Tan Chau district, Tay Ninh province (Dang Ngoc Quy, 2007). Although there are several studies that carried out to find out the determinants of household's access to formal credit in the urban and rural areas, the studies have been done for household's access to formal credit in Ho Chi Minh City are still limited. Because Ho Chi Minh City now is the economic heart of Vietnam and the core of Vietnam's largest urban area, which is head toward a population of 9 million, including exurban areas beyond the municipal boundaries.
The urban development trends in the Ho Chi Minh City area are similar to those of high income world urban areas. That's a reason why Ho Chi Minh City now attract huge immigration of labor force (including manual workers or blue-collar workers, skilled and unskilled worker) from other provinces of Vietnam. They move to Ho Chi Minh City for their better life and future. Understanding household's access to formal credit in Ho Chi Minh City is very essential to increase the probability of households to access to formal credit sectors and to improve the household's income and living standard.
8 Therefore, finding answers for the question that what are the determinants that affect household's access to credit and why a large number of households do not get access to credit, particularly to formal credit, is very essential. The findings will help us to understand the credit market and borrowing by households in Ho Chi Minh City. This research not only takes a study of urban credit market with concentrating on borrowing by urban households in Ho Chi Minh City but also is important for the government policy implications to increase the access of household to formal credit. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This thesis concentrates on two aspects of borrowing by urban households in Ho Chi Minh City, including: + Identify the determinants of the probability to borrow or access to formal credit.
+ Identify the determinants of loan amount borrowed from formal credit. By obtaining two above objectives, this research expects to find out the main determinants of urban household's borrowing or access to formal credit sectors and loan amount borrowed and give some policy implication to increase the accessibility of formal credit in Ho Chi Minh City. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The main objective of this thesis is to try to find out the answer for the central research question: What are determinants of urban household's borrowing or access to formal credit in HCM city? To answer the central question above, three small detailed questions need to be addressed: + What are the differences between formal and informal credit sectors? + What are the characteristics of formal and informal borrowing by urban household? +What are the relationship among characteristics and endowment of urban households and characteristics of loan, loan amount and source of loan? 9 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This thesis will review the essential Issue related to the borrowing by urban households.
Then it will be focused on the performance and quantitative, qualitative analysis of determinants of borrowing by urban households in HCM city by using descriptive statistic, tabular analysis and comparative method, econometric technique with the support of Stata software. The dataset has been drawn from VHLSS 2008 and processed by using Stata 11. After getting the necessary information, statistical descriptive, comparative method, and econometric technique will be used to analyze the information. The statistical description and the comparative method will allow us to have a general picture of the urban credit market and household characteristics in the relation to access to formal credit.
They also provide us some beginning hypothesis tests of the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variables. The two econometric methods used are logistic and OLS regression to estimate the effects of the household's characteristics on the probability to access and the extent of access to formal credit. And the research questions can be answered. THE STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS This thesis includes five chapters.
With exclusion of chapter 1 (chapter of introduction), four continuous chapters present the investigations and findings. Chapter 1 introduces background, problem statement, research objective/questions, research methodology and structure ofthesis. Chapter 2 represents an analytical framework. It provides conceptual, theoretical and empirical studies for demand and supply factors, particularly determinants of access to formal credit by urban households.
Chapter 3 provides an overview of financial credit market and borrowing by urban households in HCM city. An overview of credit suppliers for urban households and the financial system are mentioned. The statistical descriptive techniques are used to present the whole picture of urban households in HCM city. From the statistical analysis, the effects of household's characteristics on access to formal credit and loan amount are discussed.
10 Chapter 4 includes hypothesis, data sources and methodology and it is used for testing hypothesis and interpreting the regression result. It presents two main types of econometric model (Logit and OLS) that qualify the determinants of probability and the extent to formal credit by urban households in HCM city. The models used in chapter 4 are specified from the theoretical review and empirical studies in chapter 2 and the context of credit market of HCM city in chapter 3.